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1、10 July 1942When we arrived at Prinsengracht, we went quickly upstairs and the hiding place. We closed the door behind us and we were alone. Margot had come faster on her bicycle and already waiting for us. All the rooms were full of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The little room was fil
2、led with bedclothes. We had to start clearing up at once, if we wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night. Mummy and Margot were not able to help. They were tired and lay down on their beds. But Daddy and I, the two “helper” of the family, started at once. The whole day we unpacked the boxes, f
3、illed the cupboards and tidied, until we were extremely tired. We did sleep in clean beds that night. We hadnt had any warm food to eat all day, but we didnt care. Mummy and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy.FRIENDSHIP IN HAWAIIEvery culture has its own ways to
4、show friendship. On the islands of Hawaii, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”. In the language of the Hawaiians who first settled the islands long ago, aloha had a very special meaning. That is “to be with happiness”. Hawaiians believe that once somebody loves the land, they are ready to love
5、their people or community. This is the second most import sign of friendship. It is called lokahi in Hawaiian language, which means “oneness with all people”. To enjoy the land you should not be selfish. The land is for everyone who lives on it. Today many different people call Hawaii their home. In
6、deed, Hawaii is a place where people make one big community from many smaller communities. Each person gives kokua (help) to other people so that all fell stronger. Its believed that the islands can be a paradise when the people live in peace. People are told that their actions should be as gentle a
7、s the wind that blows from the sea. When problems happen, people are asked to solve them with understanding. So when people of Hawaii talk about ohana (family), they are really talking about all those who live on the islands. Living in peace, Hawaiians have developed a third sign of friendship. This
8、 personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friends neck. Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek. Visitors to the islands are also given lies. When they hear aloha, visitors begin to feel at home. Aloha also means “goodbye”, so visitors
9、will hear it again when they leave. It can also mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how most visitors will remember their new friendship.Unit 2THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISHAt the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in Engla
10、nd. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English begin to be spoken in many other countries. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. Native English speakers can und
11、erstand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. Look at this kind of example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes. Id like to come up to your apartment. So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet
12、 and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD800 to 1150, English became less like germen because th
13、ose who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to American. Later in the 18th centu
14、ry some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dicti
15、onary of the English Language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. during that t
16、ime English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Wil
17、l Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTSWhat is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on T
18、V and the radio is standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard la
19、nguage”, it is called a dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have com
20、e from all over the world. Geography also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the sou
21、theastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that En
22、glish dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more diffic
23、ult. So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray.
24、These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an importan
25、t meeting in Britain in 1857. Twenty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teac
26、her. After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five oclock and
27、 worked several hours before breakfast. Often he would work by the candle light into the evening. Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A! then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters. He worked on
28、the dictionary until he was very old. Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONGPART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLANMy name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sis
29、ter Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the
30、Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too. After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, Where are we going? It was my sister who first had the id
31、ea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she org
32、anize the trip properly. Now, I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, When are we leaving and when are we coming back? I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course, she hadnt; my sister doesnt care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is i
33、n Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined5万吨/年离子膜烧碱工程可行性研究报告2010年10月目 录1 总论2 市场分析3 生产规模及产品方案4 工艺技术方案5 原料、辅助材料及动力供应6 建厂条件和厂址方案7 公用工程及辅助生产设施8 节能9 环境保护10 劳动保护与安全卫生11 工厂组织及劳动定员12 项目实施规划13 投资估算14 财务评价15 结论1、总论1. 1项目规模：5万吨/年离子膜烧碱工程（折100%）1. 2项目建设意义1.2.1根据氯碱行业用电量大、负荷率高、电压等级高的特点，上马该项目可以带动本公司电力开发和装机总量增加，利
34、用自备电厂优势，降低生产成本。1.2.2根据氯碱平衡的行业发展原则，推进氯碱与石油化工联合，利用液氯和石油化工基本原料乙烯、丙烯，发展多种耗氯、耗碱及耗氢产品，有利于企业主要产品生产基地化、资源配置合理化，以最少的资金投入取得最大效益。1.3项目主要生产装置生产装置包括：一次盐水、二次盐水及电解、氯氢处理（含事故氯处理）、液氯及包装、高纯盐酸、固碱蒸发、原料与产品储运设施。4本项目财务评价的初步经济技术指标2、氯碱行业的市场分析2.1国内、外市场状况及预测2.1.1产品的特点和用途烧碱是重要的基本工业原料，其产量大、用户多，广泛应用于轻工、化工、纺织、冶金、电力、医药、农药、染料及有机颜料等行
35、业，离子膜法电解制出的高纯度烧碱是化纤、医药、精细化工行业迫切需要的原料。氯气、液氯及液氯汽化气用途相当广泛，是生产聚氯乙烯、盐酸、环氧化合物、农药、增塑剂、合成橡胶、漂白剂、杀菌消毒剂化纤和制冷剂等氯化物的重要的原料。2.1.2烧碱产品国内市场供需现状及主要消费去向目前我国拥有近200家氯碱生产企业，烧碱生产规模在总量上已跃居世界第二位，1998年烧碱总量525.82万吨；1999年烧碱总产量572.90万吨；2000年烧碱总产量达到646.22万吨；2001年烧碱总产量713.52万吨。2002年，烧碱总产量823万吨。预计2003年，烧碱总产量850万吨。我国现有烧碱生产仍以隔膜法为主。
36、2001年烧碱总产量713.52万吨，其中：隔膜法烧碱产量512.98万吨、占71.89%，离子膜法烧碱产量195.94万吨、占27.46%，苛化法烧碱产量4.60万吨、占0.64%。2002年1-11月份烧碱工艺构成：金属阳极法生产的占66.8%，离子膜法烧碱占33%，石墨阳极法占0.2%。国内烧碱的消费领域主要为：轻工、化工、纺织印刷三大行业，合计约占全国总用量的77.3%左右，其余用于医药、冶金及其它领域，约占22.7%。2.1.4我国近几年烧碱进、出口情况随着我国氯碱工业的发展，烧碱的生产能力和产量不断增加。我国氯碱平衡长期以烧碱要求为主导的局面发生转变是在“七五”末期。“七五”期间，
37、我国烧碱净进口量名列世界第二，仅次于澳大利亚，但从1991年开始进口锐减，出口猛增，我国由烧碱进口大国转为出口大国。随着国民经济的高速发展，各行各业对烧碱和氯气的需求迫切，而对氯气的需求增长日益旺盛并超过对烧碱的需求，在满足大量氯气需求的同时，却又带来烧碱能力的过剩，因此必然有部分烧碱出口。2000年我国烧碱出口量有3040万t；2001年我国烧碱出口量达50万t，2002年1-11月份，我国烧碱出口量达32.9万t。2.2国内、外烧碱市场需要量预测2.2.1国内各行业烧碱需要量的预测我国各行业的发展并不平衡，其中有机化工将有较快发展，因此化工用烧碱将年均增长5.8%。其它及纺织印刷等行业也有
38、一定增长。我国烧碱需求量前景预测，到2003年需661万t，2005年需736万t。2.2.2国际市场烧碱需要量预测自1993年以来，世界各地烧碱供需平衡和进出口形势发生了很大变化，西欧在1997年已从烧碱净出口地区转变为进出口平衡地区或净进口地区；美国、日本、中东、俄罗斯和东欧是主要的氯、碱出口地；中国、印度及其他亚太国家是氯（产品）的主要进口地，占总量的95.7%；澳大利亚、拉丁美洲和一些亚非国家则消费了全部出口烧碱。由于澳大利亚和拉丁美洲等地对烧碱的需求仍十分强劲，为我国烧碱出口创造了一定商机。世界烧碱产能1996年为5203万t，2000年增至5819万t，5年增加了616万t。200
39、1年为6012万t，预计2003年世界烧碱产能将达6277万t，2年将增加265万t。2.3烧碱产品销售的初步预测及竞争能力我国目前虽然烧碱生产能力相对过剩，开工率仅为80%左右，但随着国际经济的复苏、国内经济的持续发展，国内外烧碱的需求量将进一步扩大。国外有关资料表明，烧碱需求在今后几年仍将保持较强劲的增长势头，1997年至2005年的年平均增长率为1.9%。虽然氯气需求量的增加将拉动氯碱生产能力的进一步扩大，烧碱供过于求的状况还不会从根本上得到改变，但最起码将有所缓解。另外，离子膜烧碱因产品质量高、能耗低、三废少、成本低，已成为全世界氯碱工业发展的方向。从全国目前烧碱产需情况来看，总生产能
40、力虽已高于需求，但高纯度离子膜法烧碱产量仍然较低。因此，凭借离子膜法烧碱产品的质量优势，将会拥有较稳定的销售用户。本装置所产烧碱有一部分32wt%液碱用于本厂各装置，其余大部分做成高纯度液碱、固碱，储运方便，销往周边地区及国外市场。2.4国内烧碱产品价格现状及销售价格确定原则和意见2.4.1国内烧碱产品价格现状1995年至2001离子膜烧碱国内年平均售价1550元/t（不含税价、以下同）、最高为1800元/t、最低为1400元/t。国内固碱1995年至2001年平均售价1700元/t，最高为1950元/t，最低为1500元/t。2.4.2本工程烧碱产品销售价格确定原则和意见根据原材料、能源、运
41、输等现行价格，参照氯碱行业内部同类产品的现行销售价格以及市场供需初步预测情况，确定烧碱（以100wt%NaOH计）产品销售价格（不含税价）如下：固碱：1850元/t（含税价）32%液碱：1350元/t（含税价）50%液碱：1550元/t（含税价）高纯盐酸：550元/t（含税价）液氯：1750元/t（含税价）3、产品方案及生产规模3.1产品方案3.1.1产品方案3.1.1.1 32wt%离子膜烧碱（以100wt%NaOH计）产量：10000吨/年3.1.1.2 50wt%离子膜烧碱（以100wt%NaOH计）产量：20000吨/年3.1.1.3 氯气(以100wt %Cl2)产量：40650吨/
42、年3.1.1.4 氢气(以100wt%H2计)产量:1250吨/年3.1.1.5 固碱(以99wt%NaOH计)产量:20000吨/年3.1.1.6 高纯盐酸(以31wt%HCI计)产量:10000吨/年3.1.2产品方案选择与比较烧碱产品方案选择的原则，近期主要考虑市场销售，远期开发耗碱项目；其他产品方案选择的原则，主要满足企业内部生产装置需要；保持吃氯产品总消耗氯能力与电解产氯能力相互平衡，保证生产安全。结合今后建设10万吨/年离子膜烧碱装置的规划，部分设施建设要考虑今后扩量需要。3.2生产规模3.2.1电解工序生产规模为5万吨/年离子膜烧碱,所产氯气生产液氯外销,氢气生产盐酸,多余部分用
43、于化工生产装置（加氢）。3.2.2 蒸发按4万吨/年规模考虑，固碱工段按2万吨/年规模。3.2.3 液氯工段按5万吨/年液氯规模建设,考虑全厂氯平衡系数大于20%。可以生产液氯40650吨。3.2.4高纯盐酸工段按2万吨/年31wt%高纯盐酸规模。正常生产1万吨。3.3产品、中间产品和副产品品种、规格3.3.1离子交换膜法氢氧化钠产品液体烧碱产品执行GB/T11199-89质量标准:%优级一级合格外观无色透明液体氢氧化钠32.032.032.0碳酸钠0.040.060.06氯化钠0.0040.0070.01三氧化二铁0.00030.00050.0005氯酸钠0.0010.0020.002氧化钙
44、0.00010.00050.001三氧化二铝0.00040.00060.001二氧化硅0.00150.0020.004硫酸盐（以Na2SO4计）0.0010.0020.0023.3.2离子交换膜法电解联产湿氯气,湿氢气参照执行引进合同质量标准:指标名称主要指标湿氯气Cl297.5O2 2.0H20.03湿氢气H299.93.3.3工业用液氯产品执行GB/T5138-1996项目指标优等品一等品合格品氯含量，%（V/V）99.899.699.6水分含量，%（m/m）0.0150.0300.0403.3.4高纯盐酸产品参照执行引进合同质量标准：项目指标备注HCL含量wt%31Fe3+含量wt pp
45、m10Ca2+ Mg3+含量wt ppm0.3以Ca2+计CLO-含量wtppm03.3.5次氯酸钠溶液副产品执行HG/T2498-93质量标准：%项目指标I型型型外观淡黄色液体有效氯含量（以Cl计）13.010.05.0游离碱含量（以NaOH计）0.11.0铁含量 0.010注：本工程次氯酸钠溶液有效氯含量（以Cl计）一般10.0%。3.4氯平衡表3-4-1：氯平衡表产品名称生产能力（t/a）单耗（产）量（t/t）产氯量（t/a）耗氯量(t/a)离子膜烧碱500000.88644300液氯500001.0251000高纯盐酸100000.3153150合计43300545005万吨/年离子膜
46、烧碱工程建成后，本公司氯年加工能力达到54500吨，大于年产氯量433000吨，由此说明足以保证氯碱生产系统安全运行。4、工艺技术方案4.1工艺技术路线选择4.1.1过滤盐水制备工艺过滤盐水制备是氯碱生产工艺过程至关重要的工段，精制效果的好坏直接影响产品的质量和产量。传统的盐水精制工艺是同时加入反应剂，反应产生的含CaCO3、Mg（OH）2、Ba SO4等沉淀物的粗盐水经过澄清，再经虹吸式砂滤器、a-纤维素预涂的炭素烧结管过滤器，最终除去沉淀物提到合格的过滤盐水该工艺对杂质钙镁比有一定要求，流程较长，设备庞大、占地多， a-纤维素预涂比较麻烦，而且管理繁琐、运行和检修的工作量都很大，生产成本较
47、高。国内戈尔膜分离工艺近年得到了广泛应用。其特点是加入反应剂先除去硫酸根，再加上反应剂除去镁离子和有机物，再加入Na2CO3反应产生CaCO3后，用泵打入戈尔膜液体过滤器过滤，最终得到合格的过滤盐水。由于是分别反应除杂质，因此该工艺适合各种规格的原盐和卤水，流程较短，占地较少，过滤器操作简单，自动瞬间反冲，不需要停机清理，因此无需备用设备，生产成本较低。一次盐水工段拟定选用尔尔膜过滤工艺。淡盐水提浓有单效薄膜蒸发工艺，多效降膜蒸发工艺，多效板式蒸发工艺。单效薄膜蒸发器设备投资少，但蒸气消耗高。多效降膜蒸发汽消耗低，但设备投资高，蒸发器较高，土建投资较高。多效板式蒸发蒸汽消耗低，设备投资较低，蒸发器较小，土建投资较低。本装置拟选用两效板式蒸发工艺。4.1.2二次盐水及电解工艺是离子膜烧碱生产工艺的核心部分。二次盐水及电解工艺的一般包括三道工序：二次盐水精制、离子膜电解及淡盐水脱氯。4.1.2.1二次盐水精制二次盐水精制目前普遍采用合树脂吸收钙镁等杂质离子。树脂再生使用盐酸、烧碱和纯水。定期自动进行再生。4.1.2.2电解以食盐为原料的电解制碱方法有水银法、隔膜法和离子膜法。水银法电解