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1、2023年高考英语知识清单专题0 1名 词（解析版）Parti：知识点梳理1.可数名词的复数（1）规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。规则例词一般在词尾加-Smap-maps,seaseas,girlgirls,day-days以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,boxboxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes以-f或-fe结尾变-f和-fe为 V再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives.half-halves,loaf-loaves,wifewives,shelf-shelves的词加-
2、sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofc,roof-roofs以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 力 口-es partyparties,familyfamilies,story-stories,city-cities以元音字母加y 结尾的名词,或专有名词以y 结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys以辅音一般加-eshero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes字母加不少外来词加-Spianopianos,photophotos,ki
3、lo-kilos-0 结尾的名词两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroesvolcano-volcanos/volcanoesmosquitomosquitos/mosquitoes规则例词以元音字母加-0 结尾的名词加-sradioradios.bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos以-th结尾的名词加-Struthtruths,mouthmouths,monthmonths,path-paths（2）不规则变化规则例词改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,goose-geese,mouse-mice单复数相同species,sheep,
4、deer,series,means,works,fish,只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队）,limes
5、（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件，报纸）,manners（礼貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）在示加-SAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans喋国单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese人”以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers
6、-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers,men servants知识点2不可数名词1.不可数名词量的表达不可数名词一般不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰，而应与特定的单位名词连用来表示量的概念，如：a cup of tea,four pieces of bread 等。2.抽象名词的具体化这类名词如果仅仅表示某种概念，是不可数名词；如果表示具体的人或事，就成了可数名词，前面常加不定冠词，如：pleasure,help,honor,surpris
7、e,success,failure等。有些抽象名词在具体化时，还可以用复数形式出现，如：no pains,no gains；表示特指时，可与定冠词连用。3.学科名词和集体名词的意义(1)有些学科名词以s 结尾，但表示单数意义，如：physics,maths,politics等。(2)有些集体名词通常只用于表示复数概念，如：police,people,cattle等。(3)有些集体名词在表示整体时为单数概念，在表示集体中的各个成员时为复数概念，如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public 等。知识点3名词所有格1.表示有生命物体的名词所有格(1
8、)一般在词尾加，s,如：the boys bag,mens rooms 等。(2)以 s 结尾的词直接加，如：the workers struggle.the studentsreading room 等。(3)并列名词表示各自所属时，在名词后都加&如：Johns and Marys rooms(约翰和玛丽各自的房间);表示共同所属时，在最后一个名词后加 s,如：John and Marys room(约翰和玛丽共同的房间)。(4)在表示店铺、餐馆、诊所的名称或某人的家时，其所有格后面的名词可省略，如：at the doctors在诊所，at my sisters在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。2.of
9、所有格的用法用于无生命的东西the legs of the chair.lhe cover of the hook用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词the struggle of the oppressed知识点4名词作定语1.名词作定语时一般用单数，表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。例如：stone figures石像，paper money 纸币，book stores 书店，evening dress 晚礼服。2.有些情况下，也可用复数作定语。例如：a goods train货
10、运列车，two men doctors两个男医生，aclothes shop 服装店，a sales manager 销售经理。3.“数字+连字符+名词”作定语时，名词一般用单数形式。例如：a five-year plan 一个五年计划，aten-mile walk 一段十英里的路程。知识点5名词与固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词+名词”和“介词+名词 。常见短语如下：make preparations for,make friends with,give regards to,make both ends meet,fix ones eyes upon/on,in greatde
11、mand,in high spirits,in agreement with,pay attention to,keep pace with,attach importance to,gain/havean advantage over,make a/no/some differencePart2：高考真题精选1.(2022.6 新高考 1 卷 语法填空)The GPNPs main goal is to improve connectivity between separate(population)and homes of giant pandas,and eventually(event
12、ual)achieve a desired level of population in thewild.答案：populations解析：考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population(种群)的复数的形式。故填populations。2.(2022 全国 乙卷)“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day,the birthplace of tea and the largest(large)te
13、a-producing country,China has a(r e s p o n s i b l e)t o work with other countries to promote the healthydevelopment of the tea industry.答案：responsibility解析：考查名词。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a 后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。3.(2021.6 新高考 1 卷 语法填空)The rolling sea of clouds
14、 you see once you are at the top will remind you howtiny w e(h u m a n)are.【答案】humans【解析】考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词应该作w e 的同位语，故应该填名词的复数形式。故填 humanso4.（2021.6 全国甲卷 语法填空）Supposedly you can do it in two hours,but we stopped at the different gatesand（watchtower）to take pictures.【答案】watchtowers【解析】考查名词。根据句子结构，
15、an d 前后一致，and前是the different g ates,名词的复数形式，所以空格也应该是名词的复数形式。故填walchlowers。5.（2021.6 全国乙卷 语法填空）（activity）there range from whale watching to hiking（远足）andaccommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.【答案】Activities【解析】考查可数名词复数。空格所填词作主语，同时谓语动词range为非三单形式，因此应使用名词复数形式。句意:那里有从鲸鱼观赏到远足等
16、活动。故填Activities。6.（2021.6 全国甲卷 改错）Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because theyYe of thesame age and can understand each other.【答案】friend改为friends【解析】考查名词的单复数。主语为Many students,their friend or classmates 0 中 o r前后一致，故前面应该把friend改为friendso7.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）In 1844 they b
17、ought it for$1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser,whoperformed t hei r（marry）ceremony in 1842.【答案】marriage【解析】考查名词。此题考查动词变名词，marry-marriage,这里表示结婚仪式。句意：Charles Dresser于1842年在这里举行了他们的结婚仪式。8.（2021.6 全国乙卷 改错）I love doing housework.I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals.【答案】dish改为d
18、ishes【解析】考查名词。根据此句中的after meals可知，此处指多种菜品，应该用名词的复数形式。故把dish改为 disheso9.（2021.6 全国乙卷语法填空）It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler tobecome educated about the areas-both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics,and oftenprovides money for conserva
19、tion and benefits the 2（develop）of the local areas.【答案】development【解析】考查名词作宾语。根据空前冠词the和空后介词of可知，空格应填名词。句意：并且对于当地地区的发展有益。故填development。10.（2021.3 天津卷 单选）Great improvements in public health have been brought about by in medicalscience.A.traditions B.advances C.pressures D.examples【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：由
20、于医学的进步，公共卫生有了很大的改善。A.traditions传统；B.advance提前、前进；C.pressures压力；D.examples例子。根据句意可知，本空应填advances。故选：B。11.（2020 新课标 I 卷语法填空）The far side of the moon is of particular （interesting）to scientists becauseit has a lot of deep craters（环形 il l）,more so the familiar near side.【答案】interest【解析】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤
21、其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知，空处应填名词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“（某物）使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。12.（2020新课标 I 卷短文改错）Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.【答案】将 chopstick改为chopslicks【解析】考查名词复数。句意：下一步我把鸡蛋打到一个碗里，然后用筷子快速搅拌。Chopstick是可数名词，意为“筷子”，通常以复数形式出现，故将chopstick改为chop
22、sticks。13.（2020-新课标 II 卷语法填空）Chinese New Year is a （celebrate）marking the end of the winter seasonand the beginning of spring.【答案】celebration【解析】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a 后接名词形式。故填 celebration o14.（2020新课标 II 卷短文改错）Luckily,I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.【答案】将 vacations改为va
23、cation【解析】考查不可数名词。句意：幸运的是，两周后我就要回家过暑假。分析句子，vacation译为“假期”是个不可数名词，后面不可加s 表示复数。Summer vacation译为“暑期”是固定搭配。故将vacations改为vacation o15.（2020-江苏卷单项填空）The health security systems of many countries are undergoing c o n s id e r a b l e.A.reservation B.transformation C.distinction D.submission【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义
24、辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A.reservation预订；B.transformation 改革，变革；C.distinction 区别；D.submission 提交。根据前文 The health security systems MJ知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革:故选B。16.2019-江苏卷单项填空】Nowadays the for travelling is shifted from shopping to food andscenery.A.priority B.potential C.proportion D.pension【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨
25、析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.priority优先;优先权；B.potential潜在的,可能的；C.proportion比例，占 比;D.pension退休金,抚恤金。故选A。17.2019-天津卷单项填空】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n)onour lives in many ways.A.statement B.impactC.impression D.judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生
26、活产生了强烈的影响。statement“陈述说明；impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”；impression”印象，感想；judgement“判断力判 断 故 选 B。18.【2019新课标 I 卷语法填空】Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are(be)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.【答案】the【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。19.2018-天津 The tha
27、t there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists toexplore the outer space.A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A.探vice建 议;B.order命 令;C.possibility可能性；D.invitation邀请。故选C。【解题指导】本题考查名词辨析。名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知
28、识点。本题语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。根据常识可以判断，宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种可能性，目前无法证明，从而选出正确答案。2 0.12018新课标卷 I语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deathsfrom all (cause).【答案】causes【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5 到 10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。【解析】countryside前加t h e 考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的是乡下,故加定冠词the.,