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1、Vitamins Name:Zhang enshuang NO.：20149151What are vitamins?Thevitaminisakindoftraceorganicsubstancethatthehumanandanimalmustobtainedfromfoodstomaintainnormalphysiologicalfunctions,andplaysanimportantroleinhumangrowth,metabolismanddevelopment.NOTICE:Vitaminsneitherparticipateintheformingofhumancellsn
2、orprovideenergyforthebody.The classification of vitamins Basedonthedifferent solubility,thevitaminscanbedividedintothefatsoluble-vitaminsandwater-solublevitamins.vitaminsWater-solubleVitaminCBvitaminsFat-solubleVitaminAD,E,KFunctions,Deficiencise and SourcesVitaminFunction?Deficiency?Sources?Vitamin
3、 AFunctions:1.TheVitaminAcanmaintainsnormaleyesightandpreventnyctalopia(夜盲症）夜盲症）anddry-eyedisease.Rhodopsin（视紫质）isanimportantpartoftheretina(视网膜)IfanimallacksvitaminA,Itcannotsynthesizeenoenoughrhodopsin,whichcouldleadtonightblindness.2.VAisrelatedtoregulationofnutrientmetabolism.VitaminAhassomethin
4、gtodowiththemetabolismofcarbohy-drate,fat,proteinandmineral.Infact,itplaysaroleofregu-lating.Vitamin ADeficiencyLackingofvitaminAforalongtime,theanimalwouldsuffersfromthenightblindness.Growthandproductivityslowdown.Thelayingrateandthehatchingrateofthepoutryshowadowntrend.Thefuroftheanimallooksrough.
5、Theanimalwilllosttheappetite.SourcesVitaminAcomesmainlyfromtheanimalsources,suchasthefishmeal,eggyolk,milk,bloodmealanimalliverandsoon.Vitamin DFunctions:1.Promotetheabsorptionofcalciumandphosphorus.VitaminDcanpromotetheformationofcalcium-bindproteininenterocytes(肠细胞)andactivatethetransportsystemofc
6、al-ciumandphosphorusinintestinalepithelial(上皮的)cells.Inaddit-ion,VitaminDcanhelptherenaltubular(肾小球)toreabsorbtheCalciumandphosphate.2.VDisimportantforthegrowthofbonesandteeth.ThestorageofcalciumandphosphorusinbonecanbecontroledbyVitaminD,whichcanimprovethestateofcalciumandphosp-horus.Vitamin DDefic
7、iencyAlackofVitaminDcanleadtostopofbonecalcification.Asaresultofthat,rickets(佝偻病)willappearinyounganimalsandosteomalacia(骨软化症)orosteoporosis(骨质疏松症)willappearinadultanimals.Besides,thelayingrateofpoultryreduce.SourcesInnature,VitaminDexistsinavarietyofforms.SuchasD2,D3andD4.Amongthem,D2andD3arethemos
8、timportantforanimals.TheVitaminD2mainlycomesfromplantswhiletheVitaminD3mainlycomesfromanimalsources.Vitamin EFunctions:1.Ithasthepromotionofsexhormonesecretionandtheregula-tionofgonadal(性腺)developmentandfunction.Itcanimprovesthereproductivefunction.Soitalsocalledtocopherol.2.VEcanleadstoatermination
9、ofperoxidationprocessofbodyfat,stabilizestheunsaturatedfattyacidsandprotectstheinte-grityofbiologicalmembranes.3.VEisnecessaryforthestructure&functionofskeletalmuscle(骨骼肌),cardiacmuscle(心肌)，andthesmoothmuscle.Vitamin EDeficiencyWhenitislacking,themusculardystrophy(营养不良)(whitemuscledisease)occuresfir
10、st.Inaddition,italsohasaseriousinfluenceonthereproductivefunction.Especiallyforthemaleanimals,thespermcellformationblocked,thesemenqualityispoor,alltheseleadtoinfertility(不育).Forfemale,theconceptionratedecline,theembryo(胚胎)ispronetodeathinthemidway.SourcesAnimalsource:onlyincolostrum(初乳)ofcattleandh
11、umanPlantsource:widelyinnature,vegetableoilespeciallywheatgermoil.Themostofgreenfeedisagoodsource.CerebellarsofteningTypicaldeficienceVitamin KFunctions:Vkinvolvedinthesynthesis(合成)ofprothrombin(凝血酶原)inliverandmaintainthenormalbloodcoagulation.Moreover,Itcanstrengthenthedetoxification(解毒能力)ofliverandhelpcontrolthebloodpressure.Deficiency:Bloodcoagulationtimeistoolong.Thewoundishardtoheal.Vitamin KSourcesAnimalsources:Fishmeal,animalliver,eggaregoodsourcePlantsource:Mostofgreenvegetable