英语重点词汇used to的用法详解.docx

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1、英语重点词汇used to的用法详解.基本用法特点used to的意思是“过去经常”,其中的to是不定式符号, 不是介词,所以其后接动词原形(不接动名词)。如:He used to live in Paris.他过去一直住在巴黎。I used to write poetry when I was young.我年轻时常常 写诗。Do you play golf? No, but I used to. “你打高尔 夫球吗?”“不打,但我过去打。”.如何构成否定式和疑问式used to作为情态动词,可直接在used后加not构成否定 式,直接将used置于句首构成疑问式,但与一般的情态动词不 同的

2、,它也可像普通动词那样借助助动词did构成否定式和疑问 式。如:He usedn t didn, t use to come.他过去不常来。分析此句的主语为“many scientists,主语后跟一个由 who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语,即are doubtful和say, say后面又接了一个宾语从句。Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.分析此句的主语为“So

3、me companies”,句中有两个谓语, 即 have made 和 emphasize。At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道)doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.分析此句的主语为“a microcomputer ,也有两个谓语, 即 locks 和 setSo方法二:并列复合句的处理方法一一找并列连词The hot sun had caus

4、ed the dough (面团)to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.Miss Germaine s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell s parents are reported to be less than delighted.分析第句中的and和第句中的and都是并列连词,各自 连接两个并列单句。方法三:主从复合句的处理方法一一找从属连词Where

5、as a woman s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn t unusual to hear a man say he didn t know his friend s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.分析Whereas 引导了一个从句,即a woman? s closest female

6、 friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage , 而 “it wasn t unusual to hear a man say”为主句,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式。“he didn t know his friend s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that的宾语从句,从句中又含有not . until引导的时间状语从

7、句,时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又 各含有一个宾语从句:“his friend s marriage was in serious troublev (省略连接词 that);与 “if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词if) o方法四:并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法先读懂并列复合句,再看主从复合句If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” Sam

8、uel Johnson, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn t even speak English 一 William, the Conqueror.分析首先找到并列连词but,推知:If you ask . “Webster” 为but连接的第一分句,“none of these men . the Conqueror” 为第二分句;第一分句中含if引导的条件状语从句,从句中又 含有wh。引导的定语从句;第二分句中含wh。引导的定语从句。2.意群阅读法一

9、个句子可根据意思和语法结构分成若干小段,每一小段称之为 一个意群。意群可以是一个词,一个词组或短语,也可以是一个 并列句的分句或复合句的主句、从句等。此方法有助于提高阅读 速度和理解的准确性。例如:When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield (挡风玻璃) with a force equal to diving headfirst (头向前地)into the ground from a height of 10 meters.分析是状语从句,是主句

10、,是With引导的介词短语 作状语。这样,把整个句子划为3个意群,可以大大提高阅读速 度。运用长难句分析技巧分析下列长难句,并翻译成汉语(2017 全国卷 I 语法填空)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease 一 the very thing the medical community was

11、 trying to fight.分析which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease是非限制性定语从句,破 折号后面的 the very thing the medical community was trying to fight 是对 overweight 和 heart disease 的补充说明。翻译作为医学界为了抵抗心脏病而发起的这股潮流也有一 些难以预料的副作用,如过度肥胖和心脏病,而这正是医学界试 图抵制的。1. (2017 全国卷 H 阅读理解 D)The dama

12、ge is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.分析but连接两个并列分句。第二分句中,“relatively speaking” 是插入语,“because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”是原因状语从句。翻译通常对第一株植物的伤害更严重,但是相对来说,邻居 们会更安全,因为它们听到了警报并知道做什么

13、。2. (2017 全国卷 H 阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you re busy so they can get the hint (暗示)that when the door is closed, you re not to be disturbed.分析 “If someone knocks and its not an important matter” 是if引导的条件状语从句。SO后面表示结果,在此部分中“that

14、when the door is closed, you re not to be disturbed” 是“the hint”的同位语从句,该从句中又含有when引导的时间 状语从句。翻译如果有人敲门且不是什么重要的事情,就给自己找个借 口,并让那个人知道你很忙,这样他们就能得到暗示,那就是当 门关着时,你不想被打扰。3. (2017 天津高考阅读理解 A)Suppose you re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you

15、in trouble.分析连词and连接两个并列复合句,第一个分句中,suppose 后是省略了 that的宾语从句。第二个分句中,“that could get you in trouble”为定语从句,修饰先行词an emailo翻译假设你很忙,感觉很累,注意力不在电脑屏幕上,这时 你发了 一封可能会使你陷入麻烦中的邮件。4. (2016 全国卷 I 阅读理解 D) Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示)is th

16、at the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.分析 句中when引导一个时间状语从句;主语从句 what_may_be_implied为主句的主语,that引导表语从句,在这 个表语从句中,what引导的从句作consider的宾语。翻译因此,当一个来自这些文化群体之一的人在讲话的时候 突然停住了,可能那个人是在继续(讲话)之前暗示听众去思考他 之前说了什么。You used to go there, usedn, t didn t you?你过去常到那儿去,是吗?Where

17、did you use to live?你过去是住哪儿的?(from www. nmetl68. com)【注】在现代英语中,used to的否定式和疑问式通常借助 助动词did构成(特别是在口语和非正式文体中),而直接将used 作为助动词用通常被认为是非常正统或过时的用法。然而有趣的 是,有时还可见到以下这种混合形式。如:Did you used to be a teacher?你过去是当老师的吗?They didn t used to live here.他们过去没住在这儿。3. used to与副词连用时的位置与often, always, never等副词连用时,通常置于副词之 后,

18、也可置于副词之前。如:I always used used always to be afraid of dogs. 我 过去老是怕狗。He often used used often to sit outside the door ofhis house.他过去常坐他家门口。注意,它通常不与具体的一般不能与表示次数(如twice, three times 等)或一段时间(如 three months, five years 等) 的词连用。如:正:I went to Paris three times.我去过巴黎 3 次。误:I used to go to Paris three times

19、.正:He lived in the country for three years. 他在乡 下住过3年。误:He used to live in the country for three years.4. used to与be used to的用法比较(1) used to意为“过去经常”,其中的to是不定式符号, 后接动词原形。如:He used to live in Paris.他过去一直住在巴黎。(2) be used to意为“习惯于”,其中的to是介词,后接 动词要用动名词。如:He is used to living in the country. 他已习惯于住在乡下。(fr

20、om www. nmetl68. com)【注】若要强调从不习惯到习惯的过程,可用get, become等代替动词be。如:He has got used to looking after himself. 他已习惯于 自己照顾自己。be used to有时可能是动词use的被动语态结构(此 时意为“被用来”,其中的to为不定式符号,其后要接动词原 形)。如:A hammer is used to drive in nails. 锤子是用来车了车丁子 的。5. used to与would的用法比较(1)两者都表示过去的习惯,当表示过去习惯性的动作时, 可互换。如:When we were ch

21、ildren we would used to go skating every winter.我们小时候,每年冬天都去溜冰。(2)若表示过去持续的状态,通常只用used to,不用wouldo 如:He used to like you.他原来还是喜欢你的。He is not what he used to be.他已不是从前的他了。(3)若要强调过去与现在的对比,也通常只用used too如:I don t smoke these days, but I used to.我现在不抽 烟,但我以前是抽的。I used to drive to work but now I cycle.过去我常

22、驾 车上班,但我现在骑自行车。一、长难句的常见形式.复合句这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得 考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实,不管句子有多长、多复杂, 它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架, 主要指主谓宾结构(如:I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如: The man is a teacher. ) 0而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主 干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句, 尤其是定语从句和状语从句。一般来说,复合句中的从句都是很常见的,考生比较熟悉的,但 很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这 样会

23、导致整个句子分析混乱。这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每 个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰 了。一例 1 What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).分析 此句的主语为 “What Winter knows of the 19yearold

24、 who saved his life,是一个主语从句,其中主语从句里面又 包含了一个由who引导的定语从句;is为主干句的系动词,后 面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。名师指津分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一 步。一例 2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵)would kill off the yeast (酵母菌)that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine w

25、ould remain fresh for much longer.分析此句的主语为Pasteur,谓语是discovered,第一个 that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句, 第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。名师指津that在长难句里面用得非常多,所以正确理解 that引导的不同从句非常重要。1 .分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构, 避免头重脚轻,使语意严密,结构紧凑,可将语法关系密切的两 个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构。 高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充 信息。止匕

26、外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置, 也可以看作是插入现象,只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整, 没有新增信息。一例 3 The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom 一 a notion (概念,观点)which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers 一 is finally gaining some currency (流行)with school administrators (管

27、理者).分析两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。名师指津分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分,它 们打断了原来的行文逻辑,插入补充了一些额外的信息。2 .成分省略 在英语句子中,用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为 了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和 从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力。例如在 以than, as引导的比较状语从句中,一些成分往往被省略,而 这会给理解带来一定的影响,而且这类句子出现频率较高,考生 需要熟记。一例 4 I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and

28、to their being challenged by the other participants.分析and后省略了重复成分look forward,读题时应将被省 去的部分补全理解。名师指津补充完整省略成分,才能正确理解语境。3 .改变语序改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做 法,或是为了强调句子表达的重心,或是强调一种表达语气,如 虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关, 有明显的标志。一例 5 The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar

29、 (罐子)filled with dried beans(豆),and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.分析 此句正常语序为:. placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk 名师指津还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。二、长难句的突破策略1.结构分析法所谓结构分析法,就是通过语法分析,迅速弄清句子的结构,把 握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是:首先,判断该句是简单句、 并列句还是复合句;然后,找出句子的核心成分,分清主语和谓 语,再分清句子的附属成分。方法一:较复杂单句的处理方法一一找主谓语,即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现,所以应引起同学们的足够重 视。However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.

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