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1、生物化学主讲教师：朱必凤教授Biochemistry参考书目v使用教材：v生物化学 主编 沈同 王镜岩 高等教育出版社出版v参考书目：v生物化学 主编 古练权等，高等教育出版社出版,2000年v生物化学教程 主编 张洪渊 四川 大学出版社出版绪论IntroductionGoals of Studying Biochemistry1.To introduce the language of biochemistry,with careful explanations of the meaning,origin,and significance of terms.(介绍用于详细解释术语的含义、出处
2、和意义的生物化学语言）2.To provide a balanced understanding of the physical,chemical,and biological context in which each biomolecule,reaction,and pathway operates.（在每个生物分子、每个反应和反应途径中的物理的、化学的和生物学的关系准备一种平衡理念）3.To project a clear and repeated emphasis major themes,especially those relating to evolution,thermodyn
3、amics,regulation,and the relationship between structure and function.（计划一些清晰并反复强调的主题，特别是与进化、热力学、调节和结构与功能关系的内容）4.To explain and to place in context the most important techniques that have brought us to our current understanding of biochemistry(key experiments)（解释和应用最重要的技术了解生物化学理论）5.To sustain the stu
4、dents interest by developing topics in a logical and stepwise manner（通过逻辑的逐步深入的方式发展主题支撑学生的兴趣）;taking every opportunity to point out connections between processes（利用每个机会指出反应步骤之间的联系）;identifying gaps in our knowledge that promise to challenge future generations of scientists（找出我们知识的不足，允许未来科学家的竞争）;supp
5、lying the historical context of selected major discoveries,when such context is useful（选择主要的发明提供历史的前后关系）;and highlighting the implications of biochemical advances for society(preparing you for research and discovery and other adventures you may undertake in the future)（突出生物化学对社会的作用，为你研究和发现以及将来可能承担的冒
6、险作准备）.The main features of the living matters1.A high degree of chemical complexity andmicroscopic organization.2.metabolize-extract,transform,and use nutrients and energy from their environment3.respond(adapt and survive)by finding energy and raw materials through interacting with their surrounding
7、s4.self replicate and self assembly(装配)(reproduce and perpetuate)5.Evolve(进化)and diversify1 2The origin of the universe(a)microscopiccomplexity(b)energy comsumption,food chain(c)reproduction捕蝇草可以在0.5秒的时间内捕获昆虫，并分泌消化酶消化昆虫以获得营养。含羞草羽状的叶片，轻触和摇动可使叶片很快合拢和下垂。Garden of Eden(diversity and unity)2.What is Bioc
8、hemistry?The study of the molecular basis of life or understanding life phenomena in chemical terms.It is the combination of biology and chemistry or the application of chemical principles to understanding biology.3.What are the questions for biochemists to answer?(1)What are the biomolecules(compos
9、ition and structure)?(2)How do biomolecules act and interact(conferring the remarkable features of living organisms)?(3)How are the biomolecules synthesized(biosynthesis)?(4)How is energy generated and consumed(energy metabolism,its source and fate命运)?(5)How are the myriad（无数）of biochemical reaction
10、s regulated(the coordination problem,the network of control)?(6)What is the carrier of genetic information and how is it expressed and transmitted(information pathway)?(preserved faithfully)(7)How do cells and organisms grow,differentiate,and reproduce?(8)What is the molecular basis of evolution?(9)
11、What makes living organisms so diversified?(advantages优势,purposes and natural tendencies趋向)(10)How do we make use of life and knowledge about life for the benefits of human being(biotechnology,quality of life,societal welfare)?一.什么是生物化学？简单说，生物化学是生命的化学。生物化学是用化学的理论和方法作为主要手段，研 究 生 物 体 的 基 本 物 质 的 结 构（如
12、Carbohydrates,Lipids,Proteins and Nucleic acid)、性质及其生命活动的变化规律（生命活动如：生长、生殖、代谢、运动等）。是研究生物体的化学组成与性质（静态生化，Static Biochemistry)，以及机体内所进行的化学变化(Dynamic Biochemistry)的科学。生物化学二、生物化学与有关科学的关系1.生物化学与化学的关系生物化学是在有机化学（Organic chemistry)和生理学(Biophysiology)的基础上发展起来的.生物学动物学植物学微生物学化学 生 物学生物化学 现代的生物化学与分子生物学几乎是容为一体的学科。如
13、果说要细分，那就是生物化学是分子生物学的基础，没有这个基础，分子生物学就是无本之木，无源之水。例如，基因工程中目的基因的获得，扩增，转化，翻译，调控都必须有生化知识。2.生物化学与分子生物学的关系细菌目的蛋白 PCRPlasmid基因工程示意图3.生物化学与生物科学的关系可以说任何一门生物科学都离不开生物化学。最古老的学科，动物分类学、植物分类学、动物解剖学，目前都应用了生物化学技术，根据研究对象和目的，生物化学分为：植物生物化学 工业生物化学 动物生物化学 农业生物化学 人体生物化学 基因生物化学 微生物生物化学 衰老生物化学 病理生物化学 食品生物化学 临床生物化学 运动生物化学三.生物化
14、学的意义 1.生物化学是各门生物科学的基础，也是揭开生命奥秘的重要基础。2.生物化学在工业上广泛应用例如：食品工业中的酱油 大豆蛋白 曲霉水解 氨基酸 美拉德反应 酱油啤酒生产：大麦芽+大米 麦芽糖、葡萄糖+氨基酸 啤酒酵母（7天）乙醇、糖、双乙酰 低温发酵（20天）啤酒生物有效物质的提取制药工业：链激酶、尿激酶、氨基酸、核甘酸（所谓基 因营养物）、SOD、MT、紫杉醇等。生物制品：疫苗、Only one、皮革工业：角质酶脱毛 生物化学不但为这些生产过程建立了科学基础并为其技术改造创造了条件3.与农业方面有密切联系 举例l 作物病理研究 a.玉米大斑病（每年损失20-40%产量）抗病蛋白 b.
15、水稻白叶枯病（损失20-30%产量）l 奶牛产奶量与营养的关系 中国奶牛 一般4-5吨/年产 国外奶牛 8-10吨/年产 食量自动化，营养个体化4.生物工程（Biotechnology)l 作物防虫（转基因棉花、转基因西红柿）l 生物制药（转基因动物-人血白蛋白）l 作物育种（转基因水稻-抗除草剂）苏云金杆菌BP基因 毒蛋白 PCR Plasmid 农杆菌侵入棉花 侵入西红柿基因重组 基因重组 在植株中产生毒蛋白Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium into a plant cellA tobacco plant expressing the gene fo
16、r firefly luciferase.Light was produced after the plant was watered with a solution containing luciferin,the substrate for the light-producing luciferase enzyme(see Box 132).Dont expect glow-in-the-dark ornamental plants at your local plant nursery anytime soon.The light is actually quite weak;this
17、photograph required a 24-hour exposure.The real pointthat this technology allows the introduction of new traits into plantsis neverthelesselegantly made.烟草表达萤火虫荧光素基因表达抗虫基因的西红柿Glyphosate-resistant soybean plants.The photographs show two areas of a soybean field in Wisconsin.(a)Without glyphosate trea
18、tment,this part of the field is overrun with weeds.(b)Glyphosateresistant soybean plants thrive in the glyphosate-treated section of the field.Glyphosate breaks down rapidly in the environment.Agricultural use of engineered plants such as these proceeds only after considerable deliberation,balancing
19、 the extraordinary promise of the technology with the need to select new traits with care.Both science and society as a whole have a stake in ensuring that the use of the resultant plants has no adverse impact on the environment or on human health.转草甘膦基因大豆Cloning in mice.The gene for human growth ho
20、rmone was introduced into the genome of the mouse on the right.Expressionof the gene resulted in the unusually large size of this mouse.表达人生长激素的老鼠5.生化与司法鉴定司法鉴定是健全法制中的一个必需的工作环节，它包含了法律上要鉴定的一切事、屋和人。l 受伤与死亡现象中的生化 a.DNA 含量随死亡时间而下降 b.心肌丁二酸脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶 随死亡时间而上升 c.精子DNA5.生化与司法鉴定l 刑事侦察中的生化 a.指纹 摄取犯罪嫌疑人的指纹是公安人
21、员常用的刑侦技术 维生素B2、B6 激光手指排泄物 产生荧光 潜在指纹 氨基酸、蛋白质 彩色激光照相 印三酮 彩色拍摄 黑白相纸 b.血迹-Luminol-发光司法鉴定1-血样鉴定 杀人嫌疑人3与现场采集血样测试结果吻合司法鉴定2-亲子鉴定 一起亲子鉴定案的DNA指纹图谱可判定父亲2为孩子生父司法鉴定3司法鉴定How to study Biochemistry 1 Examine the critical experiments leading to major discoveries2 Understand the major themes in biochemistry.For examp
22、le,what are the properties and functions of noncovalent（非共介）interactions,allosteric（变构）regulation,and etc.3 Get a sense of developing and evolving concepts and knowledge.That is what we are learning today may be modified（改进）or corrected（修正）tomorrow(e.g.,concept of enzyme).How to study Biochemistry I
23、Il Compare and relate the chemical reactions(the substrates,the products and the type of conversion)enzymes,coenzymes,physiological roles,ways of regulation involved,etc.(This must be similar/related to that!)l Understand the classical experiments and thoughts that led to the revelation of the knowl
24、edge described(why was one awarded the Nobel Prize?).l Be aware with the degree of speculativeness on certain models(nothing is 100%certain in science).l Understand the aspects（面貌）that need further studies(how could I win a Nobel Prize?)Scoring for this coursel Tests and attendance:10%;l Oral presentation of a research article(from a list of references):5%;l Midterm exam:25%;l Final Exam:60%.