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1、造纸原料概述第1页，本讲稿共34页FourGreatInventionsofAncientChinaPapermakingPrintingtechniqueCompassGunpowerhttp:/ of a papyrus planthttp:/legacy.earlham.edu/seidti/iam/papyrus.html第5页，本讲稿共34页http:/legacy.earlham.edu/seidti/iam/tc_pap66.htmlhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus It appears similar to cloth.It appears
2、 similar to cloth.http:/www.appstate.edu/craftjr/paper1/sub_in1c.ppt第6页，本讲稿共34页ManufactureofpapyrusPapyrusismadefromthestemofthepapyrusplant.Theouterrindisfirststrippedoff,andthestickyfibrousinnerpithiscutlengthwiseintothinstripsofabout40cm(16in)long.Thestripsarethenplacedsidebysideonahardsurfacewit
3、htheiredgesslightlyoverlapping,andthenanotherlayerofstripsislaidontopatarightangle.http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus第7页，本讲稿共34页Itisalsopossiblethatthetwolayersweregluedtogether.Whilestillmoist,thetwolayersarehammeredtogether,mashingthelayersintoasinglesheet.Thesheetisthendriedunderpressure.Afterdr
4、ying,thesheetofpapyrusispolishedwithsomeroundedobject,possiblyastoneorseashellorroundhardwood.http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus第8页，本讲稿共34页ItiswidelyacceptedthatTsaiLun,aChinesecourtofficial,inventedpaperin105AD.AbbreviationforAnno Domini-LatinforTheYearOfOurLord第9页，本讲稿共34页TsaiLunsPaperMulberrybark
5、HempwasteOldragsFishnets第10页，本讲稿共34页DifferencebetweenpaperandpapyrusPaperdiffersfrompapyrusinthattheplantshavebeenbeatentoseparatethefibers,suspendedevenlyinwater,placedonawebbingtodrainoffthewater,anddried.Thebeatingallowsahydrogenbondingtoformbetweenthefibers.Thishydrogenbondinggivespaperitscohesi
6、onandtearingstrength.http:/www.ipst.gatech.edu/amp/general/museum_faq.htm第11页，本讲稿共34页原料？原料？StartingmaterialsRawmaterialsFeedstocksBasicmaterialsA raw material or feedstock is the basic material from which a product is manufactured or made,frequently used with an extended meaning.(Thirdedition,August
7、2010;onlineversionNovember2010ed.).raw material n.:OxfordUniversityPress)第12页，本讲稿共34页原料是一切工业生产的基础。原料是一切工业生产的基础。造纸原料的基本要求造纸原料的基本要求（一）原料质量要好（一）原料质量要好（二）原料资源要丰富、集中（二）原料资源要丰富、集中（三）原料价格要低廉（三）原料价格要低廉FromProf.GangYuatNEFU第13页，本讲稿共34页造纸纤维原料的分类造纸纤维原料的分类植物纤维原料Plant/vegetablefibers-木材-Wood-竹材-Bamboo-禾草-Grass-韧
8、皮-Bast-籽毛/种毛Seedhair-叶-Leaf矿物纤维原料-Mineralfibers合成纤维原料-Syntheticfibers动物纤维原料-Animalfibers第14页，本讲稿共34页FibersforPapermakingFibersaredefinedas“.toughthreadlikesubstancescapableofbeingspunorwoven,whethertheybenatural(vegetable,mineral,animal)orman-made.”Inpapermaking,animalfibersaregenerallynotusedatall,
9、andmineralfibersareusedonlyoccasionally.Vegetablefibers(cellulose)weteasilyinawatermediumandwillformastrongbondtoeachotherwhendriedincontact.http:/www.appstate.edu/craftjr/paper1/sub_in1c.ppt第15页，本讲稿共34页造纸纤维原料中的细胞造纸纤维原料中的细胞第16页，本讲稿共34页Thecellisthebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitofallknownlivingorgan
10、isms.第17页，本讲稿共34页造纸纤维原料中细胞的功能造纸纤维原料中细胞的功能Onthebasisoffunctions,thecellscanbedividedintothreegroups:conductingcells,supportingcells,andstoragecells.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)第18页，本讲稿共34页Conducting and supporting cellsareelongated,axialcells(按轴向排
11、列).Inhardwoods,theconducting cellsconsistofvesselelements,andthesupporting cellsconsistoffibers.Insoftwoods,tracheidsperformbothofthesefunctions.Conductingcellsandsupportingcellsaredeadcellswhosecellcavitiesarefilledwithwaterandair.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.S
12、pringer,1995.)第19页，本讲稿共34页Storagecellsconsistofshort,thin-walledparenchyma(pE5reNkimE)cells.薄壁细胞第20页，本讲稿共34页植物纤维原料中的细胞类型植物纤维原料中的细胞类型管胞-Tracheid薄壁细胞-Parenchyma导管-Vessel木纤维Fiber表皮细胞Epidermal cell石细胞Stone cell第21页，本讲稿共34页Theraysofsoftwoodsarecomposedeitherofparenchymacellsaloneorofparenchymacellsandray
13、tracheids.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)第22页，本讲稿共34页Softwoods are simple and regular in their structure.Their wood substance is composed mainly of two kinds of cells:longitudinal(lCndVi5tju:dinllCndVi5tju:dinl)tracheids (treikiid)and ray parenchyma
14、(pE5reNkimEpE5reNkimE).Approximately 90-95%of the wood volume is occupied by the longitudinal tracheids.(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)管胞第23页，本讲稿共34页Tracheids(or fibers)are needle-like cells which transport fluids through the tree and provides stren
15、gth.(http:/ average length of tracheids varies from about 2 to 6 mm(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)第24页，本讲稿共34页阔叶木原料中的细胞阔叶木原料中的细胞导管-Vessels木纤维-Fibers-韧型纤维-Libriform5laibrE7fC:mfibers-纤维管胞Fibertracheids管胞（有时有）薄壁细胞-Parenchyma-木射线薄壁细胞-Rayparenchyma-纵向薄壁
16、细胞-Longitudinalprenchyma(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)第25页，本讲稿共34页Vessel cells are the principal water-conducting cell type of flowering plants 第26页，本讲稿共34页韧皮纤维韧皮纤维-Libriform 5laibrE7fC:m5laibrE7fC:m fibers(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identificati
17、on of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)第27页，本讲稿共34页纤维管胞纤维管胞Fiber tracheids(Timell,T.E.(ed.).Fiber atlas:identification of papermaking fibers.Springer,1995.)第28页，本讲稿共34页导管（阔叶材）导管（阔叶材）木射线（薄壁）细胞木射线（薄壁）细胞FromProf.GangYuatNEFU第29页，本讲稿共34页 草类纤维原料中各种细胞形态如图草类纤维原料中各种细胞形态如图纤维细胞纤维细胞导管导管第30页，本讲稿共34页薄壁细胞薄壁细胞表皮细
18、胞表皮细胞第31页，本讲稿共34页竹材原料中各种细胞形态如图竹材原料中各种细胞形态如图纤维细胞纤维细胞导管导管薄壁细胞薄壁细胞石细胞石细胞第32页，本讲稿共34页（二）纤维原料中纤维细胞的化学组成（二）纤维原料中纤维细胞的化学组成纤维素半纤维素木素灰分果胶蛋白质针叶材455213192532%0.21.20.91.10.50.9阔叶材4352232617230.31.01.70.7竹材4250182522331.03.50.8草类375018269.5251.4160.21.01.86.0麻类60825191.5150.650.23.4树皮类3955812.5%917.52.555.61346第33页，本讲稿共34页重点思考和需掌握的问题重点思考和需掌握的问题莎草纸（Papyrus）是由哪个国家发明的？它是传统意义上的纸（Paper）吗？造纸原料可分成哪几大类？从细胞在植物生长中的功能上分，造纸用植物纤维原料中的细胞分为哪几类？木材原料中的管胞和木纤维在原料中是按纵向分布，还是按横向分布，其功能是什么？第34页，本讲稿共34页