新概念第一册语法汇总.pdf

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1、新楼念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析:本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态,这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。Lesson 313 4现在进行时Lesson 37-4 0第一次出现be going t o的将来时Lesson 5156 一般现在时Lesson 677 6为

2、一般过去式Lesson 83-9 0为现在完成时Lesson 9196 为 一 般 将 来 时(will)Lesson 1171 1 8过去进行时Lesson 119-1 2 0过去完成时除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。Lessonl-2语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me.Yes?Pardon?Thank you verymuch.语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的

3、肯定回答。I sthis your handbag?Yes,it is.Lesson 5-6语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont.Nice to meet you.语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French.He is German.I t s aVolvo.(L6)a/a n 的使用。Lesson 7-8语言点：如何自我介绍和相互认识。语法点：主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French?What national ity are you?What,s your job?特殊疑问句。Lesson 9-10语言点：朋友或

4、熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you?语法点：主系表结构形容词做表语。介 1司短W 吾表示位置 near the window,on the teI evion,on thewa I ILesson 2930语言点：如何发号命令。语法点：祈 使 句（肯定）。动词与宾语的固定搭配。Lesson 37-38语言点：如何表达将要做的事情。语法点：现在进行时态be going to d o 结构表达将要发生的事情。There b e 句型的一般疑问句形式。Lesson 41-42语法点：如何表示不可数名词的量。Lesson 63-64语言点：建议忠告。语法点：don t do-.You m

5、ustn?t do-Lesson 65-66语法点：具体时间表示法（半点和刻钟）。反身代词。具体日期表达方式。Lesson 73-74语言点：问路。语法点：不规则动词的过去式。形容词转变成副词。Lesson 77-78语言点：看病。语法点：综合时间表达方式。Lesson 105-106语言点：办公室用语。语法点：want sb to do-*./teI I sb to do以及其否定形式。Lesson 103-104语言点：考试。语法点：宾语从句。（从句部分为非现在时态）程度副i司 too,very,enoughLesson 125-126语言点：/语法点：have to do/don,t n

6、eed to do*Lesson 127-128语言点：娱乐界。语法点：must/can,t对现在事情的肯定/否定猜测。Lesson 129-130语言点：交通状况。语法点：must/can,t have been.对过去事情的肯定/否定猜测。Lesson 131-132语言点：度假。语法点：m a y对现在/过去事情的肯定或否定猜测。以下学的知识慢慢与新二接轨：现在完成时：Lesson 8390直接引语变成间接引语：Lesson 99102形容词的比较级和最高级：Lesson107112neither,so 的用法：Lesson 113114不定代词的用法：Lesson 115116过去进行

7、和过去完成时：Lesson 117120定语从句：Lesson 121124情态动词的综合用法：Lesson 125132直接引语变间接引语：Lesson 133136（着重讲时态的倒推）if 的用法：Lesson 137140被动语态：Lesson 141-144英语中的时态一共有八种，它们是：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时。今天我们所要讲的就是第一种：一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。1、含 有be动词的句子He i s a teacher.The girl is very beautifuI.Tim and J

8、ack are students.变疑问句将be动词移到句首I s he a teacher?I s the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在be动词后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautifuI.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he is./No,he is not.Yes,she i s./No,she i s not.Yes,they are./No,they are not.2、不含有be动词的句子

9、，即含有一般动词的句子。(1)第三人称单数及单数名词He I i kes books.She I ikes him.The dog I i kes bones.变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型Does he I i ke books?Does she I ike him?Does the dog I i ke bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt,动词变为原型，原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。He doesnt I ike books.She doesnt I ike him.The dog doesn11 I i ke bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes,he doe

10、s./No,he doesnt.Yes,she does./No,she doesntYes,it does./No,it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students I i ke smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students I i ke smart teachers?变

11、否定句在主语和动词之间加dont.You dont want to have a bath.We dont have any meat.The students dont I ike smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I do./No,I dont.Yes,we do./No,we don*tYes,they do./No,they dont.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作构成：主语+b e动词+动词的现在分词+其它成分We are having I unch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The

12、 boys are swimming across the r i ver.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are we hav i ng I unch?I s he read i ng a book?I s the dog runn i ng after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the r i ver?变否定句在be动 词 后 面 加notWe are not having I unch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swi mmi ng

13、 across the r iver.特殊疑问句：what,wh i ch,how,where,who,etc.疑问词+动词+主语+现在分词What are you do i ng?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?没有进行时的动词（必背）表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作：1.表示感觉，感官的词see,hear,I ike,love,want2.have,has当“拥有”讲时没有进行时一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday,last night,theday before yes

14、terday,3 days ago.含 有 b e 动词的句子，将 b e 动词变为过去式。am,i s 的过去式为was,are的过去式为were:I was at the butcher1s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.变疑问句将b e 动词移动到句首Were you at the butchers?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beaut ifuI ten years ago?变否定句在b e 动

15、词后面加notI was not at the butchers.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautifuI ten years ago.肯定回答否定回答Yes,I was./No,I was not.Yes,you were./No,you were not.Yes,he/she was./No,he/she was not.特殊疑问句What did you d o?（必背）不含有b e 动词的句子，将动词变为过去式:I f i n i shed my homework yesterday.The

16、 boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers I ived at King Street a year ago.变疑问句在句首加did,动词变为原型D i d you finish your homework yesterday?D id the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers I ive at King Street a year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加did notI d i d not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a resta

17、urant.The Sawyers did not I ive at King Street a year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I did./No,I didnt.Yes,he did./No,he didnt.Yes,they d i d./No,they d i d not.现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have,has+过去分词用法：1）表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常 和just,usuaI ly,a I ready,since等时间副词连用。I have just had I unch.（饱了，不用再吃了。）He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了

18、，不用再喝。）They have a I ready had thei r hoi i d a y.（不能再度假了。）The boy has a I ready read the b o o k.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了。）2）询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to B e i j i ng?Have he seen the film?3）表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have I i ved in B eijing for twenty years.I have worked for

19、 this schooI for 1 year.4)表示一种经历，经脸：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to c i nema.I have ever been to Par i s.Have been to 表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.（人已经回来）He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5）表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用I have I ost my pen.I have hur

20、t myseI f.He has bee a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.Have you lost your pen?I have not I ost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I have./No,I have not.特殊疑问句What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用。错：I ve left

21、 B ei j ing for 3 days.对：I left B eijing 3 days ago.I have been away from being for 3 days.一般将来时-表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和tomorrow,next year,the day after tomorrow,the year after the next,in five hours time,e t c.表示将来的词联用。结构：主语+助动词wi 11+动词原形I wi I I go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month

22、 after the next.Jack wi I I move into his new house tomorrow morning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首WiI I you go to Amer i ca tomorrow?WiI I the pilot fI y to Japan the month after the next?WiI I Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?变否定句在助动词后面加notI wi I I not go to Amer ica tomorrow.The pilot wi I I not fly t

23、o Japan the month after the next.Jack wi I I not move into his new house tomorrow morning.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I will./No,I wi I I not.Yes,he/she will./No,he/she wiI I not.Yes,he will./No,he wi I I not.特殊疑问句What wi I I you do?过去完成时用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had f i n i shed her h

24、omework,she went shopp i ng.They had sold the car before I asked the pr ice.The tra i n had I eft before I arr i ved at the stat i on.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she f i n i shed her homework?变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,she had./No,sh

25、e hadnt.特殊疑问句What had she done?过去进行时-表示过去正在进行的动作，经常用在when,whi I e,a s引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning,he dropped some coinson the floor.Thei r father was watching TV while they were having dinner.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Was the i r father watch i ng TV while

26、 they were hav i ng d i nner.变否定句在be动 词 后 面 加notThei r father was not watch i ng TV while they were hav i ng d i nner.过去将来时结构：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.两个特殊句型：there b e句型，be going t o结构1)B e going t o结构-表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语+be动词+going to+动词原型I am going to make a bookcase.They

27、 are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?I s the father go i ng to give the bookcase to h i s daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加notI am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The fathe

28、r is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I am./No,I am not.Yes,they are./No,they are not.Yes,he i s./No,he i s not.特 殊 疑 问句（必背）What are you go i ng to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2）There b e句型表示哪里有什么东西（某处有某物）There is+单数名词+表 示 场 所 的 词（一般为介词词组）Th

29、ere is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are+复数名词+表 示 场 所 的 词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首I s there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the tab I e?变否定句在动词后面加notThere i s not a book i n th i s room.There are not two pens

30、 on the tab I e.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,there i s./No,there i s not.Yes,there are./No,there are not.问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句1）一般疑问句：助动词/b e 动词+主语Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?2）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What i s your name?3）选择疑问句：orDo you want beef or Iamb?4）反意疑问句：肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+

31、肯定疑问部分You dont need that pen,do you?5）否定疑问句：一般疑问句+否定词Arent you Iucky?Dont you want have a rest?限定词：some,any,many,much some,a n y修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。注意：当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some。I have some milk.I dont have any milk.May I have some milk?many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。在口语中表示 很多 一般不用many,much,而用a lot

32、 o f,在否定句中表示“很多“用 many,muchoI have a lot of money.I dont have much money.名词名词分为可数名词和不可数名词:1）不可数名词无法分开的东西：water,tea,bread,milk,r i ce抽象的 东西：love,beauty,co I dness不可数名词有以下特点：不能用a,an修饰；不能加s;和单数be动词或动词搭配。2)可数名词单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加so名词复数共有以下几种变化：规则变化的名词复数形式规则 1 一,般情况+s e.g.shellTsh 般 I s book-books

33、规员4 2 以 s,x,ch,sh 名 吉 尾+es e.g.fox-foxes church-churches,bus-buses,watch-watches规贝4 3 以 o 名 吉 尾+s 或+es e.g.potato-potatoes,Negro-Negroes,hero-heroes,tomato-tomatoes,(口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿)，剩下一般加s,radio-radios规则 4 以 f,fe 结尾的，变 f,fe 为 ves e.g.life lives ha I f-ha I ves,shelfTshelves,city-cities,wife-wives规

34、则5以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+es e.g.skyTskies f I y-f I ies不规则变化的名词复数形式man(men)woman(women)foot(feet)goose(geese)tooth(teeth)child(chiI dren)sheep(sheep)deer(deer)mouse(mice)fish(f i sh)副词副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：The book i s very good.He runs fast.She came here quite ear I y.Certainly I wiI I go with you.副词变化形式：

35、直接在形容词后加Ty:carefuI-carefuI ly,sI ow-slowly以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变i,加-ly:happy-happ i ly,I ucky-1uck i I y有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化:fast,hard,late有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：neary-nearI y,h i gh-h i ghI y,I ate-1 ate I y情态动词的使用1）情态动词can（能够），must（必须）,may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型He can make the tea.Sally can a i r th

36、e room.We can speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally a i r the room?Can we speak Eng I i sh?变否定句在情态动词后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot a i r the room.We cannot speak Eng I i sh.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he can./No,he cannot.Yes,she can./No,she cannot.Yes,we can./No,we cannot.特殊疑问句：(必背)W

37、hat can you do?注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加s。2)must/have to 的区别m ust表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have t o 是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做m ust只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而 have to do可以用在任何时态3)must,may,might 表示猜测：,must d o 表示对现在事实的猜测,must have done表示对过去事实的猜测,must have been d o in g 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测 may/might do,may/might have done表

38、示没有任何事实依据的猜 测,m ight的可能性更小。4)cant/couldnt 表示不可能need的用法 表 示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：I need a pen.Do you need any beer?No,I don t.I need to have a rest.Need doi ng=need to be done(表示被动)The f I owers need water i ng.=The f I owers need to be watered.花需要浇水。need在否定时做情态动词使用：You needn,t go so early.(=You

39、 don,t need to go so early.)Must I clean the desk r ight now?No,you needn,t.不定代词及不定副词some,any,no,every一 thing:something,anything,nothing,everything-one:someone,anyone,anything,everyone-where：somewhere,anywhere,anywhere,everywhere-body:somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody例子：1)I looked for my book everyw

40、here,but I can,t find it anywhere.2)I f you want to go somewhere,if you want to be someone,you must wake up.3)Help!Somebody?Anybody?4)You are rea I I y someth i n g.你真了不起！(口 语 中 常 用someth i ng来表示 真像回事儿”，“真行”的意思)5)S i nee everybody i s here,let s begin our cI ass.6)Where d i d you go?I went nowhere.7

41、)Nobody i s at home.感叹句：1)What+名词+主语+谓语What a beaut i fuI girl she i s!What taI I bui I dings they are!2)How+形容词+主语+谓语How beautifuI the girl is!How tai I the buiI dings are!在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略：What a nice present!(省略 it is)How disappointed!(省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，

42、句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。肯定句：动词原型e here,p I ease.Go downstai rs,please.Stand up.Sit down.B e qu i et.B e carefuI.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾:e i n,Amy.Sit down here,Tom.Mary,give me a book pI ease.否定：Dont+动词原型Dont e here.Dont sit down.Dont stand up.Dont give me it.let sb.d o让某人做Let me pass.Let us have a rest.

43、Lets have a rest.反意疑问：Lets have a waI k a I ong the r i ver,shaI I we?Let us go out for a drink,wi I I you?倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg:He can swim.So can I.I didnt go to cI ass.Neither d i d I.结构：so/neither+be+主语so/neither+助动词+主语so/neither+情 态 动 词+主语助动词:一般现在时：do,does/am,i s,are现在进行时：am,i s,are一般过去时：did现在完成时

44、：have,has一般将来时：wi I I,shall过去进行时：was,were过 去 完 成 时:had过去将来时：would直接引语/间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词1）时态变化：一般现在时-般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时-过去完成时现在完成时-过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be going to-was/were going to/wouldcan-couI dmay-might2）时间地点及指示词的变化：here-there,tomorrow-the next day,the fol lowing day,this

45、-that3）人称变化：根据句意改变人称。4）直接宾语/间接宾语主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。He gives m e a book.（m e 间接宾语，a book 直接宾语）直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词t o 或 for:主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语Give m e a book.=Give the book to me.Send him a Ietter.=Send a Ietter to him

46、.Show him the new dress.=Show the new dress to him.1）代词及be动词主格 I we you you she/he/it they宾格 m e us you you her/him/it them代词所有格 my our your your her/hi s/its thei r名i可，性d 弋，司 mine ours yours yours hers/hi s/its thei rsbe 动词现在时 Am are are are i s arebe 动词过去时 was were were were was were2）名词的复数规则变化的名词

47、复数形式规则 1 一殳情况+s e.g.she I I-she I I s toytoys规 贝 2 以 s,x,ch,sh Z 吉尾+es e.g.foxTfoxes church-churches规则 3 以 o 结尾 s 或+es e.g.radio-radios potato-potatoes规则 4 以 f,fe 结尾的，变 f,fe 为 ves e.g.I i fe-I i ves ha I f-ha I ves规则 5 以辅音字母+y 结尾，变 y 为 i+es e.g.sky-*skies studyTstudies3）动词的第三人称单数形式规则 1 一般情况+s e.g.I

48、ike-l ikes,look-looks规则 2 以 s,x,ch,sh Z 吉尾+es e.g.do-does,catch-catches规则 3 以辅音字母+y 结尾，变 y 为 i+es e.g.carry-carr ies,f Iy-f I ies4）动词现在分词规则 1 一般动词加一inge.g.look-looking,read-reading,pI ay-playing规 则2以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g.make-making,take-taking,arr i ve-arr i v i ng规 则3重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅

49、音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ing e.g.run-running,sit-sitting,get-getting,swim-swimming,stop-stopp i ng5）动词过去式规则动词变化规则 1 殳动词加一ed e.g.I ook-1ooked,watch-watched,pI ay-pI ayed规则 2 以 e 结尾的加一d e.g.make-maked,arr i ve-arr i ved规 则3以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cr ied,carry-carried规 则4重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加

50、一ed stop-stopped过去式的读音在 清 辅 音 后 面（除外）读/t/e.g.walked,jumped在浊辅音和元音后读/d/e.g.washed,watched在/t/,/d/后读/id/e.g.waited,hated6）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级比较级规则 1 一般加一er e.g.high-higher规 则2以结尾加-r nice-nicer规 则3以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-er busy-bus i er规 则4重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter最高级规则 1 一般加-est e.g.h i gh-h i ghest规 则2以结尾加