新概念第一册主要语法知识.pdf

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1、新概念一主要语法知识点（一）时态 主要涉及的时态有：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去 进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时 1.一般现在时 表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。含有be动词的句子 例：He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.变疑问句将be动词移到句首 例：Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在be动词后面加not 例：He is not a te

2、acher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,he is.No,he is not.Yes,she is.No,she is not.Yes,they are.No,they are not.不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子 第三人称单数及单数名词 例：He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型 例：Does he like books?Does she like him?Do

3、es the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加 doesn励词变为原型 例：He doesnlike books.She doesn t like him.The dog doesn t like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：例：Yes,he does.No,he doesn t.Yes,she does.No,she doesn t Yes,it does.No,it doesn t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加 S,不要和名词复数混淆，变否 定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词 例：I want to have a bath.We h

4、ave some meat.The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加do 例：Do you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加 don t.例：You don t want to have a bath.We don t have any meat.The students don srtilset teachers.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,I do.No,I don t.Yes,we do.No,we

5、 don t Yes,they do.No,they don t.2.现在进行时 表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语+be动词+动词的现在分词+其它成分 例：We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首 例：Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming

6、across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加not 例：We are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句:what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑问词+动词+主语+现在分词 例：What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?注：（必背！）没有进行时的动词：表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动

7、词不能表示正在进行的动作 表示感觉，感官的词 see,hear,like,love,want,have,has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时 3.一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday,last night,the day before yesterday,3 days ago,含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，am,is的过去式为was,are的过 去式为were 例：I was at the butcher s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten y

8、earsago.变疑问句将be动词移动到句首 例：Were you at the butcher s?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?变否定句在be动词后面加not 例：I was not at the butcher s.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.肯定回答否定回答 例：Yes,I was.No,I was not.Yes,you were.N

9、o,you were not.Yes,he/she was.No,he/she was not.特殊疑问句：例：What did you do?不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式 例：I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.变疑问句在句首加did,动词变为原型 例：Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the S

10、awyers live at King Street a year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加 didnot 例：I did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Street a yearago.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,I did.No,I didn t.Yes,he did.No,he didn t.Yes,they did.No,they did not.4.现在完成时 构成：主语+助动词have,has+去分

11、词 用法：1）表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和 just,usually,already,since 等时间副词连用 例：I have just had lunch.饱了，不用再吃了）He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday.（不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2）询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：例：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Be

12、ijing?Have he seen the film?3）表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作 例：I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4）表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情 例：I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.注意:Have been to表示去过，have gone to表示去了

13、 试比较：I have been to London.久已经回来）He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5）表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用 例：I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.She has broken my heart.变疑问句将助动词移到句首，例：Have you lost your pen?变否定句在助动词后面加 not.例：I have notlost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,I have.No,I have not.特殊疑问句：例：What have you done?What has he

14、done?注意：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时 注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示 段时间状语连用 字昔：I ve left Beijing for 3 days.对:I left Beijing 3 days ago.Ihave been away from being for 3 days.5.一般将来时 表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和tomorrow,next year,the dayafter tomorrow,the year after the next,in five hours time,etc.表示2等来

15、的词联用 结构：主语+助动词will+动词原形 例：I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the monthafter the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首 例：Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowm

16、orning?变否定句在助动词后面加 not 例：I will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the monthafter the next.Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning 肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,I will.No,I will not.Yes,he/she will.No,he/she will not.Yes,he will.No,he will not.特殊疑问句：例：What will you do?6.过去完成时

17、：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成 时。结构：had+过去分词 例：After she had finished her homework,shewent shopping.They had sold the car before I asked theprice.The train had left before I arrived at thestation.注意：After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如 果放在主句后则不用加。变疑问句将助动词移到句首 例：Had she finished her homework?变否定句在

18、助动词后面加 not 例：She hadn t finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,she had.No,she hadn t.特殊疑问句：例：What had she done?7.过去进行时 表示过去正在进行的动作，经常用在when,while,as引导的状语从句中。结构:was/were+doing 例：When my husband was going into the diningroom this morning,he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner,my

19、 father waswatching TV.8.过去将来时 结构:would do 例：She said she would go here the nextmorning.（二）特殊句型：therebe句型，be going to结构 1.Be going to 结构 表示打算，准备，计划做某事 结构：主语+be动词+going to+动词原型 例：I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.变疑问句将be动词

20、移到句首 例：Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加not 例：I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,I am.No,I am not.Yes,t

21、hey are.No,they are not.Yes,he is.No,he is not.特殊疑问句 例：What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2.There be 句型 表示哪里有什么东西（某处有某物）There is+单数名词+表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）例：There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the table There are+复数名词+表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）例：There are two

22、 pens on the table.There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首 例：Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加not 例：There is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答 例：Yes,there is.No,there is not.Yes,there are.No,there are not.（三）问句 主要类型有：一般疑问句

23、，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定 疑问句 1.一般疑问句：助动词/be动词+主语，通常可以用 Yes或者No来回答。例：Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?回答：Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What:表示什么 例：What is your name?Where:表示在哪里，对地点进行提问 例：Where is my book?Which:表示哪一个（在一定范围内特指一样东西或一个人）当作为疑问代词时，which通常单独使用 例：Which is you

24、r favorite cup?Which are your favorite cups?当作为疑问形容词时，which后面通常加上一个名词，构成特殊疑问名 词短语 例：Which cup is your favorite?Which cups are your favorite?对国籍的提问 对职业的提问 What is your job?=What are you?对近况的提问 问:How are you today?回答:Im very well,thank you.3.选择疑问句 例“Do you want beef or lamb?4.反意疑问句 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分

25、+肯定疑问部分 例：The dog is lovely,isnt it?You don t need that pen,do you?5.否定疑问句 一般疑问句+否定词 例：Aren t you lucky?Don t you want to have a rest?（四）some和 any、many 和 much的用法 some,any 共同点：1.都可修饰可数名词或不可数名词 2.都可以解释为些”区别：通常情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句（此时，两 个词都解释为些”）例：I want some milk.I dont want any milk.Do you want

26、any milk?特殊用法：1.当表示建议、邀请，并期待得到对方的肯定回答时 some也可 以用在疑问句中，以下为三种句型：1）Would you like.?例：Would you like some coffee?2）Do you want.?（一般情况而言用any比较多，但是如果想要得到别人的 肯定回答，可以用some来提问）例：Do you want some juice?何答为 Yes）3）What about.?例：What about some bread?2.当any表示 任何”的时候，也可以用在肯定句，且后面如果加可数名词，需要用单数 例：Any one with a tic

27、ket can get into the park.many,much 共同点：都可以解释为很多”不同点：many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词 例：I have many toy cars.She has much money.注：在口语中表示 很多”一般不用many,much，而多用a lot of,而在否定句 中表示 很多”用 many,much.例：I have a lot of money.I don t have muchmoney.I dont have many apples.（五）名词 分类：名词分为可数名词和不可数名词 1.不可数名词 含义：不可以分成个体的东西：wa

28、ter,tea,bread,milk,rice 抽象的东西:love,beauty,coldness 特点：不能用a,an修饰 不能加s 和单数be动词或动词搭配 注：不可数名词表达复数概念时，用量词修饰。例：a bottle of milk two bottles of milk a bar of chocolate two bars of chocolate a loaf of bread two loaves of bread a pound of sugar two pounds of sugar 2.可数名词：特点：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，有复数形式。名词复数形式变化规则：一般情况

29、+s 例：shopr shops book 7 books 以 s,x,ch,sh,湍尾+es 口诀：蛇(sh)吃(ch)象(x)是(sh)会死(s)的哦(0)例：fox 7 foxes church t churches bus t buses dish 7 dishes potato t potatoes 以 o 结尾，除了 Negro/hero/potato/tomato，通常加 s 口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿，剩下一般加 s,radio tradios 以f,fe结尾的，变f,fe为ves 例：life tlives half t halves shelf t shelves ci

30、ty 7 cities wife t wives 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+es 例：sky7skies fly t flies 注：以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加ed 例：toy t toys boy 7 boys day t days 不规则变化的名词复数形式 例：mai men womae women foot t feet goose t geese tooth t teeth sheep 7 sheep child 7 children deer deer mouses mice 国人复数变化：（部分）口诀：中日不变英法变，其余 s加后边 Chinese Chinese Japan

31、ese Japanese Englishman Englishmen Frenchman Frenchmen German Germans Italian Italians（六）情态动词的使用 1.情态动词can（能够），must（必须），may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型 例：He can make the tea.Sally may air the room.We must speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首 例：Can he make the tea?May I open the door?Must we speak English?变否定句

32、在情态动词后面加 not 例：He cannot make the tea.Sally maynot air the room.You mustnt speak loudly here.=Dont speak loudly here.（这里 mustnt 解释为 不许、禁止的意思）特殊疑问句：What can you do?注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词 后面加&2.Must/have to 的区别 must表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条 件逼迫才做 must只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而 have to d。可以用在任

33、何时 态 3.must,may,might 表示猜测:must do表示对现在事实的猜测 must have done表示对过去事实的猜测 must have been doing表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测 may/might do,may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的 可能性更小。can t/couldn表示不可能 4.need 用法：表示 需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：例：I need a pen.Do you need any beer?No,Idon t.I need to have a rest.注：Need doi

34、ng=need to be done,表示被动 例：The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.我是一名学生，他也是 Im not a teacher.Neither is she.我不是一名老师，她也（不）是。她正在看电视，我也是。例：I can swim.So can he.我会游泳，他也会 我不会飞，她也不会 Need在否定时做情态动词使用 例：You needn t go so early.=You don t need togo so early.Must I clean the desk right now?N

35、o,youneedn 我弋定要现在把桌子擦干净 么？不，你不需要）主要语法（八）也”的用法 1.so、neither引导的简短回答 结构 so/neither+be动词+主语 例：Im a student.So is he.She is watching TV.So am I.We are not doing our homework.Neither are they.我们没在做作业，他们 也是 so/neither+情态动词+主语 I cant fly.Neither can she.so/neither+助动词+主语 注：一般现在时助动词：do/does 般过去时助动词：did 般将来时助

36、动词：will（过去将来时助动词：would）现在完成时助动词：have/has（过去完成时助动词：had）例：She dances very well.So do I.她跳舞跳得很好，我也是。He went to school yesterday.So did I.他昨天去上学了，我也是。I will leave Shanghai tomorrow.So will he.我明天要离开上海了，他也 She has read for 3 hours.So have I.她已经读了三小时书了,我也是。用法 当前一句话为肯定句时，用so来回答 当前一句话为否定句时，用 neither来回答。2.too、either 的用法 相同：都解释为也”，放在句尾。区别：1.too用于肯定句或疑问句 例：I can swim.I can swim,too I like singing.Do you like singing,too?2.either只用于否定句 例：I cant fly.I cant fly,either.