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1、阅读新题型Passage 1Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects.The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity.These includefossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago.The ea
2、rliest archaeological sites include those in Ethiopia,Tanzania,Kenya;and elsewhere inEast Africa.These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal(upright-walking),apelike early humans.(1).The first physically modern humans,Homo sapiens,appeared in tropical Africa between200,000 and 15
3、0,000 years ago-dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologistsworking together.Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show howpeople migrated from Africa and settled these two continents during the last Ice Age(100,000to 15,000 years ago).(2).Archaeologists have docum
4、ented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000years ago.Early domesticationthe planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herdingof animalsis evident in such places as the ancient settlement in Jordan and in Mexico.Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early c
5、ivilizations,such as those of the Sumerians ofMesopotamia,who built the city of Ur,and the ancient Egyptians,who are famous for the pyramidsnear the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres(tombs)of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes._Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena tha
6、t are unique tohumans.For in stance,archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead anddeveloped beliefs in an afterlife.Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burialsin graves date to as early as 40,08 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia.By the time peopl
7、elived in civilizations,burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important andelaborate rituals.(4)_Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods.Some archaeologists work withhistorian to study American colonial life,for example.They have learned such diverseinformation as how
8、the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown,Virginia,traded glass beads forfood with native Algonquian peoples;how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their rootsin Africa;and how the first major cities in the United States developed._A For example,the Moche lords of Sip&n in coastal Peru w
9、ere buried in about ad 400 in finecotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead,gold,and silver.Few burials rival theirlavish sepulchers.Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands ofyears has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.B By
10、 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of theregions of Africa.Populations in different regions employed various technologicaldevelopments in adapting to their different environments and climates.C Archaeological studies have also provided much information abo
11、ut the people who firstarrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.D The first fossil records of vascular plantsthat is,land plants with tissue that carriesfoodappears in the Silurian period.They were simple plants that had not developedseparate stems and leaves.E One site in Tanzania even reveals
12、 footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago.Somesites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools.Archaeologists have alsorecorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 millionyears ago,then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.F One research projec
13、t involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across theUnited States.This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in thearchaeological record.In the future,archaeologists will continue to move into new realmsof study.G Other sites that represent great human achievement are as
14、varied as the cliff dwellingsof the ancient Anasazi(a group of early Native Americans of North America)at MesaVerde,Colorado;the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru;andthe mysterious,massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.Passage 2At a local sup
15、ermarket,two women push half-filled grocery carts.The ladies are goodfriends,but they couldnt be more different.1)The two ladies stop for amoment in the frozen foods section.Im so tired,1 sighs the professional woman.I dontknow what to do about supper.*Her friend suggests,“What about a microwave din
16、ner?Theweary professional sighs,No,I dont feel like cooking tonight.If you think American cooking means opening a package and tossing the contents into themicrowave,think again.On the one hand,it*s true that Americans thrive on cold cereal forbreakfast,sandwiches for lunch and instant dinners.From b
17、usy homemakers to professionalpeople,many Americans enjoy the convenience of prepackaged meals that can be ready to servein 10 minutes or less.On the other hand,many Americans recognize the value of cooking skills.2)But with cooking,as with any other skill,good resultsdont happen by accident.Probabl
18、y every cook has his or her own cooking style.But there are some basictechniques and principles that most people follow.3)Forthat reason,Americans would find it next to impossible to live without an oven.American cooksgive special attention to the balance of foods,too.In planning a big meal they try
19、 to include ameat,a few vegetables,some bread or pasta and often a dessert.They also like to make sure themeal is colorful.Having several different colors of food on the plate usually makes for a healthymeal.4)Recipes list all the ingredients for adish(generally in the order used),the amount of each
20、 to use,and a description of how to putthem together.Finding recipes in America is as easy as pie.Most good cooks have a shelf full ofcookbooks ranging from locally published recipe collections to national bestsellers like the BettyCrocker Cookbook.Magazines devoted to home management,such as Good H
21、ousekeeping andFamily Circle,are chock-full of scrumptious selections.For experienced cooks,true artists that they are,recipes are merely reference points.Theyoften make adjustments as they go along,depending on the quantity of people they need to serve,the ingredients they have available and their
22、personal taste.5)Of course,Americans dont have a comer on the market when it comes to good cooking.But as America is an immigrant country,it is not surprising to see that most good cooks inAmerica are fluent1 in several cooking dialects1 Mexican,Italian,Chinese and good oldAmerican style,just to nam
23、e a few.But whatever the dialect,cooking is a language everyoneunderstands.AWherever you go in the world,people love to eat.As a result,every culture and nationalityhas its own share of mouth-watering delicacies.And America,as a land of immigrants,hasimported practically all varieties of cooking.BFo
24、r example,baking is a primary method of preparing food in America.The dinner menuoften has casseroles,roast meats and other baked goods.ClOne is a stay-at-home housewife who loves to create culinary masterpieces from scratch.Theother is a training supervisor at a prestigious advertising agency.House
25、hold chores,particularly those in the kitchen,are not her idea of fun.D For those who need guidance in their cooking,or for those who have just run out of ideas,recipes are lifesavers.E Parents-especially mothers-see the importance of training their children-especiallydaughters in the culinary arts.
26、Most Americans will admit that theres nothing better than agood home-cooked meal.FSome cooks use recipes very little,preferring instead to depend on their intuition as they adda pinch of this and a dash of that to create just the right flavors.G Friends often augment their recipe collection by passi
27、ng around their favorites written oncardsPassage 3AJThe industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work hastaken the form of jobs.The industrial age may now be coming to an end,and some to thechanges in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.This s
28、eems a dauntingthought.But,in fact,it could offer the prospect of a better future for work.Universalemployment,as its history shows,has not meant economic freed.BBut we need to go further.We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work.Should we not rather encourage many other ways f
29、or self-respecting people to work?Should wenot create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves,rather than for an employer?Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood,as well as the factory and theoffice,as centers of production and work?CJEmployment became widespread
30、 when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made manypeople dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land,and thus of the meansto provide a living for themselves.Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries andremoved work form peoples homes.Later,as transport i
31、mproved,first by rail and then by road,people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until,eventually,manypeoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.DJIt was not only women whose work status suffered.As employment became the dominant fo
32、rmof work,young people and old people were excluded-a problem now,as more teenagersbecome frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.FAI1 this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort andresources away from the utopian goal of creating jobs
33、 for all,to the urgent practical task ofhelping many people to manage without full-time jobs.EJMeanwhile,employment put women at a disadvantage.In pre-industrial times,men andwomen had shared the productive work of the household and village community.Now itbecame customary for the husband to go out
34、to paid employment,leaving the unpaid work ofthe home and family to his wife.Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today,andrestrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.GOpinions polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that,whoever is to blame andwhatever
35、 happens form now on,high unemployment is probably here to stay.This means weshall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.Order：G 41.42.43:44.45.FPassage 4AWithin a decade,mobile phones became available to the public.The streets of modern citiesbegan to feature sharp-suite
36、d characters shouting into giant plastic bricks.The role of themobile phone began to become more definitive in the modern lifestyle.In Britain the mobilephone quickly became synonymous with the“yuppie”,the new breed of young urbanprofessionals who carried the expensive handsets as status symbols.Aro
37、und this time many ofus swore that we would never,ever own a mobile phone.(BHowever,1940s technology was still quite primitive,and the telephones”were enormousboxes,which had to be transported by car.CBut in the mid-90s,something happened.Cheaper and cheaper calling rates meant that,almostovernight,
38、it seemed that everyone had a mobile phone.And the giant plastic bricks of the 80shad evolved into smooth little objects that fitted nicely into pockets and bags.In every pub andrestaurant you could hear the bleep and buzz of mobiles ringing and registering messages,occasionally breaking out into pr
39、imitive versions of the latest pop songs.Cities suddenly had anew,postmodern birdsong.DIMoreover,peoples timekeeping changed.Younger readers will be amazed to know that,notlong ago,people made spoken arrangements to meet at a certain time.Once a time and placehad been agreed,people met as agreed.Som
40、ewhere around the new millennium,this practicestarted to die out.Meeting times became approximate,subject to change at any moment underthe new order of communication:the Short Message Service or text message.EThe first real mobile telephone call was made in 1973 by Dr.Martin Cooper;the scientist who
41、invented the modem mobile handset.As soon as his invention was complete,he tested it bycalling a rival scientist to announce his success.FLike email before it,the text message has altered the way we write in English,bringing moreabbreviations and a more lax approach to language construction.The 160-
42、character limit on thetext message has led to a new,abbreviated version of English for fast and instantaneouscommunication.Traditional rules of grammar and spelling are much less important that using aminimum of time to express the maximum amount of meaning.Many new abbreviations andsymbols have bec
43、ome a part of standard SMS and email dialogue.GThe modern mobile phone is a more complex version of the two-way radio.Traditionaltwo-way radio was a very limited means of communication.As soon as the users moved out ofrange of each others broadcast area,the signal was lost.In the 1940s,researchers b
44、eganexperimenting with the idea of using a number of radio masts located around the countryside topick up signals from two-way from one mast,the next mast would pick up the signal.HMobile phones,once the preserve of the high-powered businessperson and the“yuppie”，arenow a vital part of daily life fo
45、r an enormous number of people.From schoolchildren topensioners,every section of society has found that its easier to stay in touch when youve got amobile.Over the last few years,mobiles have become more and more advance,with built-incameras,global positioning devices and internet access.And in the
46、next couple of years,we canexpect to see the arrival of the“third generation of mobile phones;powerful micro-computerswith broadband internet access,which will allow us to watch TV,download internet files at highspeed and send instant video clips to friends.Order：G 4L 42.A43.A C 44：45-HPassage 5(AJB
47、ut lately some experts have concluded that simply spreading the word about birth control,and providing the means,is not enough,because many poor people actively want to have morechildren,even after they know how not to.A Harvard-educated sociologist named MohammedMamdani put it this way in a recent
48、study:good to have a big family,Mr.Ram explained,as he stood in the shade of a leafy tree,ina hard dry courtyard crowded with children,chickens and a dozing cow.They dont cost muchand when they get old enough to work they bring in money.And when I am old,they will takecare of me.”CJMillions of India
49、ns share Mr.Rams view.And that,in the opinion of a number offamily-planning workers,is a major obstacle to the effort to curb the rapid growth of hiscountrys population.(DA decade or so ago,many people here,including some of the Americans who had flooded in tohelp,assumed that once a villager unders
50、tood birth control he would practice it,so as to keephis family small and thus improve his economic status.EJ*Teople are not poor because they have large families.Quite the contrary,they have largefamilies because they are poor.To practice contraception would have meant to willfully courteconomic di