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1、专题0 2完形填空题考点解读一、题型概说()能力考查完形填空题是高考英语卷中的重要题型。考试大纲 对完形填空的考查要求是“突破语篇,强调应用,注重交际”,即在侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力和对具体语境的把握能力的基础上,更是对学生整体语篇意义理解的连贯性和运用语言的准确性进行全面考查。总之,完形填空是一种综合测试,涉及的知识面很广,是用来测试考生的阅读理解能力和综合应用语言的能力。具体地说完形填空考查的能力有:词语辨析能力;语法结构分析能力;语篇理解能力:逻辑推理能力;写作意图剖析能力:文化背景和生活常识综合运用能力。(二)题型特点1.体裁和题材高考完形填空体裁主要是记叙文、说明文、议论文和夹叙夹
2、议文。而大多是选择夹叙夹议的议论文或有一定故事情节和相对完整的故事片断的记叙文。题材大都富有教育意义,能给考生以启迪,类似人生感悟的心灵鸡汤的小短文,语言地道,文笔优美。2.考点设置完形填空设题完全不同于单项填空,以篇章语义为主,所设4 个选项往往从语法角度考虑都正确。错误项只能通过语义、语境、常识、逻辑和搭配来排除。因而,高考完形填空设点以实词为主,其中最多的是动词和名词,其次是形容词和副词,再次是连词和介词。因此在备考中要特别注意这几种词性中常见词的词义比较,同时注意在语篇中得体地运用词汇。二、考点解读(一)备选项解读完形填空题的四个备选项,一般都属于同一词性,同一语义的范畴,而且绝大多数
3、和设空前后的单词形成某种搭配,这样便形成了很强的迷惑性和干扰性。正确答案有的由句法或固定搭配或常识决定(这种设置的情况非常少);有的由一个句子决定;有的由相邻不远的一 组句子决定;还有的由语篇内容综合决定。因此,我们将备选项的设置分成四个层次:词法/语法层次、句子层次、句组层次和语篇层次。正确答案有的由上文决定,有的由下文决定,还有的要综合上下文而定,非常少见的是山语法或固定搭配决定。所以备选项的设置又可分为四类:句法/词法/常识设空;前制性设空;后制性设空;语篇性设空。不言而喻,句法/词法/常识设空难度最低;前制性设空难度此致,后制性设空难度较高,语篇性设空难度最高。卜面我们以2013年四川
4、卷完形填空题为例作具体的分析:例如:(2 0 1 3 四川卷)第二节 完形填空(共 20小题,每小题1.5分,共 30分)一阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Look,its Baldy!”A boy shouted in my direction across the playground.Even though I wasused to regular insults(侮辱)because of the 11 on my head,it was 12 horrible to hear.I sighed as
5、I headed back to the class.When I was just 20 months old,I suffered serious 13 after a bowl full of hot oil fell onmy head.I was 14 to hospital and had to say there for weeks while the doctors 15 tosave my life.Hollys very 16 to be alive,they told Mum and Dad.But shell be _ 17with scars on her head,
6、and of course her hair wont grow there.As a child,I cared much about my scars,so I 18 wore a scarf to cover them up when Ileft home.19 I didnt,people would call me horrible names like Baldy.Although my friendswere always comforting me,they never 20 understood how it felt.Then through the hospital I
7、was 21 to a childrens burns camp,where children like mecan get any help.There,I 22 14-year-old Stephanie,whose bums are a lot more serious thanmine.But she is so 23 that she never lets anyone put her down.You shouldnt 24what people say about what you look like because were not different from anyone
8、else,Holly,she 25 me.And you dont need to wear a scarf because yOou look great 26 it!”Forthe first time in my life I could speak to someone whod been through something 27.Soweeks later,at my 13th birthday party,28 by her bravery,I gave up my scarf and showed offmy scars.It felt amazing not having to
9、 29 away behind my scarf.Now,I am 30 of what I look like and much happier,because I have realized it is yourpersonality(个性)that decides who you truly are.11.A.hat B.scarf C.scars D.cuts12.A.stillB.justC.neverD.seldom本文为夹叙夹议文。通读全文,了解文章大意:13.A.hungerB.coldC.defeatsD.burns14.A.rushedB.ledC.invitedD.for
10、ced15.A.learnedB.foughtC.returnedD.decided16.A.happyB.luckyC.lonelyD.poor17.A.pressedB.occupiedC.leftD.painted18.A.possiblyB.usuallyC.finallyD.nearly19.A.AlthoughB.SinceC.IfD.Before20.A.correctlyB.roughlyC.easilyD.really21.A.promotedB.introducedC.reportedD.carried22.A.metB.recognizedC.rememberedD.ca
11、ught23.A.honestB.strongC.activeD.young24.A.write downB.agree withC.pass onD.listen to25.A.promisedB.encouragedC.orderedD.calmed26.A.inB.forC.withoutD.beyond27.A.similarB.strangeC.hardD.important28.A.allowedB.requiredC.guidedD.inspired29.A.hideB.giveC.keepD.put30.A.sickB.awareC.tiredD.proud作者幼年时一次烧伤使
12、她头上留下伤疤,因此常受到他人的侮辱而倍感难过。后来作者参加了一个JLM烫伤营,期间他遇见了史蒂芬妮,一个烧伤远比作者严重的女孩.这个乐睨开朗孩子的给他以鼓励从而使作者又重新振作了起来。这里我们只对几个典型的备选项进行分析.后置性设空第 1匹.单从所给选项还无法选定第1座的正确答案,直 到 港 I第二S 中的after a bowlfull of hot oil fell on my headf推知作者被同学的是头上因为燹伤而留下的伤疤,而不是刀痕.前置性设空第中的14yeai-old Stephanie,whose burns are a lot more serious thanmine可
13、知Stephanie作者一样也有过烧伤经历.第2座,根 据 上 文 I 18 wore a scarf to cover them up when I left home可知作者以前 通 常 派 头 巾 来 伤 疤,后 来 寿 IStephani而 鼓 励,她丢掉了头巾,露出了 伤 疤,终于不必再、躲在伤疤背后过日子了.常识性设空第 1任.作者二十个月大的时候遭遇了一次严重的烧防.根据常识或事理逻辑可知,被热油烫伤后作者应该是被家人匆忙谢了医院.第 1逐.这一空很容易误选D,但 雌 常 识 可 知,医生抢丽治疗病人绝不是决定”与否的事,而做的事.此们努力的生命.语篇性设空第 1湮.根 据 关
14、联 词 even though可推知,尽管作者已经习惯了鸣上的伤疤所带来的侮辱,但是她仍然害怕听到.第 1雨 1色.这两空在逻辑联系上非常紧密,根据转折词but可得出它们的正确答案.尽管她聿运地活了下来,但是却难免会在头上留下碱.第 1控.根据前半句As a child,I cared much about my searsft关联词so可知,当作者是一 M子的时候,如畸在意头上的伤疤,所以出门时通常都戴上头巾把伤疤遮盖起来.第2陛.根据句中关联词although可推知,尽管朋友们总是安慰作者,但是他们并不能真正理解那种感受.第 23空.此 句 为 S。-形 容 词-tha田I导的结果状语从句
15、,表示“如 此.以致于Stephanie的伤虽然比作者的严重得多,但是她如此坚强以致于不允许任何人羞辱到她.第30空.根据空后的much happier可知作者为现在不戴头巾而露出伤疤的样子感到自家,比以前更开心了.【答案】1L15CADAB 16-20 BCBCD 21-25 BABDB 26-30CADAD(二)分体裁解读解 读 一、记叙文类完形填空1.选材特点叙事方式有所不同。有的记叙文按照时间顺序叙述,最后点破故事的结局,有的记叙文采取倒叙的手法,先点明故事的结局和影响,然后再叙述故事的发生和发展。考生在做题时,应先浏览全文,判断出作者的叙事手段,依据文章提供的信息,对故事内容进行准确
16、定位,了解故事的来龙去脉,进而达到对文意的透彻理解,为做题找到准确依据。记叙文往往有较强的故事趣味性,有情节跌宕起伏和情感细腻变化等特点,信息量很大。作者在叙述过程中往往会融入人物的语言、行为、心理的描写,这在一定程度上增加了考生理解文章的难度。这时,考生必须理清上下文的脉络,对人物的语言、行为、心理等给出合理的想像和推理,并仔细揣摩作者的用意,从而透彻理解文意,达到对语境的准确理解,这样才能作出合理的选择。2.解题注意点了解文章的结构形式:通常为了叙述方便,作者会按时间先后顺序或空间顺序等方式来安排情节和内容。其优点是条理清楚,层次分明;明确作者的写作目的:就事论事肯定不是记叙的目的,而通过
17、叙述阐明个道理,是作者必须考虑的。只有心中有了目的,在情节选择和细节描写上才会作出合理的安排。明晰了写作目的,就能抓住文章的主题;知晓文章所记叙的几大要素:为了使读者清楚地了解一件事的起因、经过和结果,作者就有必要在记叙文中将事件、人物、时间、地点、原因和结果等要素讲清楚。这六个要素是记叙文的基本组成部分,一般不能缺少。弄清了这六个要素,基本上就理解了整篇文章;弄清文章是以第几人称的视角展开记叙的:通常英语记叙文展开记叙的视角有两个:第一人称和第三人称。用第一人称就是从“参与者”的角度进行记叙,读者可从字里行间感受到作者亲切的态度和深厚的感情。用第三人称就是以“观察者”的身份展开叙述,作者的语
18、气客观,与读者保持着一定的距离,读者的注意力更多集中在故事本身,解了作者的写作角度有助于我们走进作者的思维,深入理解文章的意义。例如:(2 0 1 3天津卷)第二节:完形填空(共 20小题:每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从16 35各题所给出的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。As I held my fathers hands one night,I couldnt help but notice their calluses(老茧)androughness.His hands tell the story of his life as a 16 inclu
19、ding all his struggles.One summer,I remember,a drought(旱灾)hit Ontario,turning it into a 17 desert.Onone of those hot mornings I was picking sweet corn with my dad to fill the last 18 from thegrocery store.Fifty dozen was all we needed,which 19 took twenty minutes.That morning,however,the process did
20、nt 20 quickly.After forty minutes of aimlessly walking in the field,we 21 needed twenty dozen.I was completely frustrated and 22.Dropping thebasket heavily,I declared,“If the store wants its last twenty dozen,they can pick itthemselves 1,5Dad 23/Just think,my little girl,only ten dozen left for each
21、 of us and thenwe,re 24Such is Dad whatever problem he 25,he never gives up.26.the disastrouseffects of the drought were felt all over our county.It was a challenging time for everyone,27Dad remained optimistic.He 28 to be grateful for other things like good health and food onour plates.Only then di
22、d I truly begin to 29 Dad and his faith that guided us through thehard times.Dad is also a living example of real 30.From dawn to dusk,he walks countless hours to31 our family.He always puts our happiness 32 his own,and never fails to cheer me on atmy sports games 33 his exhaustion after long days.H
23、is loving and selfless nature has inspiredme to become more sympathetic and34 putting others first.Dad,the life 35 I have learned from you will stay with me forever.You are my father,teacher,friend and,most importantly,my hero.本文是记叙文,第一段引入,第二、三段回忆,最后一段抒情.作者由父越糙的双手回忆起他一生的辛苦,既承担了家庭的重任,又给了家人无尽的温暖和关爱,并激
24、励着下一代向上向善努力前行,文章最后一段感情真挚,令人动容.Dad,the life lessonsI have learned from you will stay with me forever.You are my father,teacher,friend and,most importantly,my hero.老爸,我从你那J”的生活真谛此生将永远伴我左右,你不但是我的父亲、老师、朋友,更是我心目中的英雄I6.A.teacher B.gardener C.fanner D.grocer【答案】C【解析】根据上文的“手上的老茧,粗糙的双手”和 下 文*Iwas picking swe
25、et corn withmy dad”以及*After forty minutes of aimlessly walking in the field,我们可知父亲是个农民.17.A.stormy B.lively C.disappearing D.burning【答案】D【解析】后 文 的desert眇漠丽前文的干旱告诉我们此处显L T簸 干 旱 的 词,故 选D的,的)下文的On one of those hot mornings”也有提示.burning和hot为同义词.18.A.order B.form C.gap D.position【答案】A【解析】根据上文“picking swe
26、et corn采描甜玉米”和下文中的“the grocei store杂货店”可 知 与“订购”有关.19.A.repeatedlyB.normallyC.finallyD.really【答案】B【解析】结合下文“That nioruiug.however,the process didnt 20 quicklv.中的“however”及R q u ick ly 说明那天早晨采箍玉米比平常进展得要慢.也就是说:平常只需要20分钟时间就18倒 5。打 玉 米(那天却不行).所以答案为B(正常地).20.A.go B.begin C.occur D.change【答案】A【解析】句意:这个过程进展
27、得并不顺利,即 表 示“进展21.A.yet B.still C.even D.nearly【答案】B【解析】这里和前文the process didn-t go quickly相呼应,故 选 B 还,仍 然 我 们 还需 要 20打.22.A.surprised B.nervous C.angry D.frightened【答案】C【解析 1AK下Dropping the basket heavily,I declared.*If the store wants its last twentydozen,they can pick it(hemselvesl,7 9中的动作描写(重重itMC
28、蓝子放下雨我所说的赌气话(自己来播好了),可以知道我很生气.23.A.apologized B.cried C.complained D.laughed【答案】D【解析】从下文Such is Dad whatever problem he 25,he never gives up.我们可晒 道 父 亲 从 来 没 有 向 脚 低 头,所以他不可能 道歉,哭或是抱怨丁故选D(大 笑).24.A.lost B.done C.gone D.touched【答案】B【解析】父亲很乐涅,用上面的话来安慰鼓励女儿:。想嗯看,孩子叫 触 每 人 描 十 打,不就做用胞be donw S Jt是恢际用语:做
29、完 结 束,be lost be gone走了,死T;be touched 受感动.25.A.meets withB.brings upC.works outD.thinks about【答案】A【解析】句意:无论遇铛什么问题,父亲永不放弃.A 遇到;B 养育,呕吐;C 计算出;D 思考.26.A.ThankfullyB.HopefullyC.UnfortunatelyD.Strangely【答案】c【所】“虾都 甄 了 这 次 干 旱 的 影 i r,在“我”看来当然是不幸的.但是爸爸很乐现.衬托父亲的乐双,峭C(不幸地).A 感激地,B 充满希望地,D 奇怪地.27.A.or B.for
30、C.so D.but【答案】D【解析】上下文是转折关系.“这种情况(指:整个国家都翎 了 这 次 干 旱 的 瓢 对 于 每 个人 来 说 都 是 一 种 廨,但是父亲仍然很乐观”.28.A.happened B.seemed C.continued D.aimed【答案】c【解析】结合上文“无论遇到什么问题,父亲永不放弃.”说明父亲无论什么时候都很乐现.continued意为:维持原状,保持不变.句意:对象健康的身体,我们盘中有吃的医者注:这应该是生活中再正常不过的事了潴如此类的事,他都心存感激(即乐双的心态保持不变).29.A.face B.appreciate C.examine D.q
31、uestion【答案】B【解析】那时我才意识到了父亲及他的信念的重要性:父亲和他的信念带领我们度过了艰难的时光.这里表明作者开始赞赏父亲和父亲的信念.30.A.love B.pride C.friendship D.honesty【答案】A【解析 以 后面所举的例子可以看出作者的父亲很朝个家下文有同义词复现Hislovingand selfless*.31.A.supportB.settleC.startD.impress【答案】A【解析】为 了 甥 起 一 个 家,父亲从早到晚有走不完的路,干不完的事.A支撑,糜养,B定居(vi)、解决(vt),C开始,D给.很深的3 .32.A.after
32、 B.before C.beside D.under【答 案】B【解析】父亲麦这个家庭的具体表现:先人后己一 先考虑的是家人的幸福,然后才是自己的幸福”.33.A.in spite of B.in terms of C.in control of D.in place of【答案】A【解析】日子久了,父亲尽管很疲蚤,但他总会在我每次参加渤会的时候为我加油.A尽管,B就 来 说,C控制,D代替.34.A.careful B.regretful C.considerate D.humorous【答案】c【解析】与上文“sympathetic(同情的)”相匹配的词,在四个选项中只有considera
33、te(体贴 的)父 亲 对 我 的 防 激E旗更有同情心,对他人更体贴.A小心,B后悔的,D幽默的.35.A.history B.motto C.patterns D.lessons【答案】D【解析】根据下文“You are my fatheu teacher,friend and.most importantly,my hero.”中的父亲在我心目中的“老师、朋友,英雄”A系列角色 我们可以知道“父亲给我上了一堂堂人生的功课句意:老爸,我从你那J哨困的生活真谛此生将永远伴我左右,你不但是我的父亲、老肺、朋友,更是我心目中的英雄.解 读 二、议论文类完形填空1 .选材特点有些议论型完形填空的首
34、句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段提出论点,然后在各段的首句提出分论点;还有些议论文会先通过叙述生活中的一件具体的事情或描述生活中的现象,然后根据事情或现象所反映的问题提出自己的论点。然后再用具体的论据去说明自己的论点;此外,也有些议论文一开始作者仅仅是列举生活中的现象,而不表明自己的观点,然后通过对具体现象的分析,自然得出一种结论,这种结论往往就是作者的论点;2.解题注意点对于纯议论形式的完形填空,要在掌握全文主旨的情况下,抓好每段的首句。抓住了每段的主旨句也就是把握了文章的脉络,理解文意就容易了:理清文章的论点、论据有着相辅相成的关系,整个文章前后是一致的,故能说明论据的答案可以在
35、论点里得到印证,论点里的某些答案也可以与论据有机的结合起来。若所选答案前后矛盾,论据与论点相矛盾;最后结论与论点也就像矛盾,这就说明对文章的把握缺乏条理性和系统性,需要重新理顺文章各个部分,直到条理清楚为止,再根据对全文的把握及各部分的逻辑关系选出正确答案。例如:(2013上海卷)III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with
36、 the word or phrase that best fits the context.Over the past few decades,more and more countries have opened up the markets,increasinglytransforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market.The question is:Iseconomic globalization 50 for all?According to the World Bank,one of its chief
37、supporters,economic globalization has helpedreduce 51in a large number of developing countries.It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result ofintegration(融合)of local economies into the world economy.Home to so
38、me three billion people,these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 53al an average rate of five percent-compared to two percent in developed countries.Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefitfrom new opportunities for small and home-based businesses.55,
39、small farmers in Brazilwho produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56 open-air markets can nowpromote their goods worldwide by the Internet.Critics take a different view,believing that economic globalization is actually 57 thegap between the rich and poor.A study carried out by the U.N.
40、-sponsored World Commission onthe Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually5 8 _ from integration into the world economy and that the poor,the uneducated,unskilledworkers,and native peoples have been left behind.59,they maintain that globalization may
41、eventually threaten emerging businesses.For example,Indian craftsmen who currently seem tobenefit from globalization because they are able to 60 their products may soon face fiercecompetition that could pot them out of 61.When large-scale manufacturers start to producethe same goods,or when supersto
42、res like Wal-Mart move in,these small businesses will not beable to 62 and will be crowded out.One thing is certain about globalizationthere is no 63.Advances in technologycombined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world.The _ 64now is finding a way to create a kind of g
43、lobalization that works for the benefit of all.榜 篇 议 论 文.要 讲 述 的 是 市 场 开 放,心 人 们 叫 的 彩 脸 讣 中包含两种相反的观点,一种现点陈述的是全球化带来的好处,一种现点陈述的是全球化带来的问题,各有充足的论点和论据.文章最后,得吐瓷论,全球化的趋势已不可阻挡,呼吁大家创造出有益所有人发展的全球化模式.50.A.possible B.smooth C.good D.easy【答案】C【解析】possible可能;smooth顺利的,光滑的,平稳的;good好的,有益的;easy简单 的,根 据 上 一句的“increa
44、singly transforming the world economy into onefree-flowing global marker.逐渐地把世界经济转变为了一个自由面|的全球大市场.很明峰是讲的市场开放的好处,因此后面提出问题,“问题是,经济全球化对所有人都有益处码?,故J醉C 项.51.A.crimeB.povertyC.conflictD.population【答案】B【解析 睡 E后文的“It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52 to improvededucation and longer life in twe
45、nty-four developing countries”中的 increasedwealth曾 n 的财富,可知,市场开放给诞国家带来了财富的曾H,财富曾D了,那么就是减少了贫困(povwrt 洞 题,即选择B 项.而 非 【educe population减少人口,reduce crime减少犯罪和reduce couflict减少神交”.52.A.contributing B.responding C.turning D.owing【答案】A【解析】contribute to促成,导致;respond to 对.做出反应;turn to 转向,向某人求助;owe to 把.归功于.根据
46、后面的 improved education and longer life 可知,教育得到了改善,人的寿命得用了延长,因此是产生了好的促进作用,因此选 择 A 项.53.A.remain B.drop C.shift D.increase【答案】D【解析】根据上文中的 It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52 toimproved educatiou and longer life in twenty-four developing countries 可知,这2 4 个国家的财富噌加了,也就是说他们的收入噌加了,即 increas
47、e.句意:这2 4个国家的人的收入增加了平均百分之五.remain 05然;drop下降;shift改变,去掉,摆B9卓.54.A.doubt B.define C.advocate D.ignore【答案】C【解析】doubt怀疑;define定义、规定、明 确;advocate提倡、拥护;ignore恕、视.根 据 后 面 的 “economies in developing countnes will benefit from newopportunities for small and home-based businesses”发展中国家的经济会收益,源于小型的、家朝!生意会获得新的
48、机会,尤其是其中的“benefit fiom,可知,坚持该现点的那些人是支持,提倡市场开放的,因 此 癖 C 项.55.A.In additionB.For instanceC.In other wordsD.All in all【答案】B【解析】第三段中第一句提到,发展中国家的小型的、家庭型的小买卖(s m a f l a n dh o m e-b a s e d b u s i n e s s e s)将会受益于经济全球化所带来的机遇,巴西(B r a z i l侬产遇销售市场的的扩大就是其中的例子之一,所 以 这 里 应 该 用 的 词 F o r i n s t a n c e .I
49、n a d d i t i o n意为此外,表递进关系.I n o t h e r w o r d s换句话说,A l l i n a l l总而言之.56.A.mature B.new C.local D.foreign【答案】C【解析】受经济全球化影鼻巴西的农产品可以在全世界范里(w o r l d w i d e)售,那与此对比,原来农产品的销售范围应为国烟渚是当地(l o c a l o pe n-a i r m a r k e t),故此题答案为C;l o c a l.m a t u r e成熟的;n e w新的;f o r e i g n国 卜的.57.A.finding B.ex
50、ploring C.bridging D.widening【答案】D【解析】根据前面的“C r i t i c s t a k e a d i f f e r e n t v i e w1 RTJ,该部分战达的是反对市场开放的涅点,因此他们认为市场开放会拉大(w i d e n)穷人和富人之间的差距.f i n d找到;e x pl o r e探索;b r i d g e架桥、度过.58.A.suffered B.profited C.learned D.withdrawn【答案】B【解析】s u f f e r遭受;pr o f i t获益、盈利;l e a r n学习;w i t h d