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1、第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：I.选择题（30分）：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是Theory，和，Example，的结合。H.填 空（10分）：考特例，不是考简单的正xamplesTTheory，而是考，Exceptions5.III.（10分）考试内容：i.Types of meaning changes:词意变化的种类ii.Types of meaning:词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。iii.Languages branches:语系与语族,语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那儿个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。iv.Feather
2、s of idioms:习语的特点W.（10分）考试内容：i.Types of Bound Morphemes:粘着词素的种类ii.Types of Word Formations:构词法的种类iii.Types of Meaning:词义的种类iv.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类V.名词解释（10分）:VI.简答题（12分）：i.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说 概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。ii.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:Affected Meaning名词
3、解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：What is Affected Meaning,briefly exemplify it.iii.Optional:可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子vn.分析题（18分）：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析二.串讲内容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology这门课算哪种学科的分支：Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系：l）Morphology 2）Semantics 3）Stylistics 4）Etymology 5）Lexicography研究lex
4、icology的两大方法：1）Diachronic approach:历时语言学2）Synchronic approach:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算 Narrowing or specialization第一章部分：What is word?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1）A word is a minimal free form of a language;2）A sound unity or a given sound;3)a unit of meaning;4)a form
5、 that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类(classification of a word)词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)simple words 2)complex words单音节词例子：e.g.Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement 可以次戈分为 manage 和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和 fortuneblackmail 次划分为 bl
6、ack 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?l)There is 4no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g.dog.cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3)In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between
7、sound and form?l)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form.Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform,such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e.Old English3)With the development of the language,more and more
8、differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1)The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so
9、that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2)Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years,and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3)A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4)Final
10、ly comes the borrowing,which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influenced by Romans2)pronunciation changed3)early scribes4)borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音，拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是飞ound and form，不一致。What is vocabu
11、lary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language,butit can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect,given book,a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Classification of Wo
12、rds(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)What is the classification of words?How to classify words inlinguistics?Three criteria:1)By use of frequency2)By notion3)By originBy use of frequency 可划分为：1)The basic word stock2)Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion可划分为：1)Content word2)Functional wordContent words are also known as n
13、otional words.(Content words 的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words,or form words.(Functional words 的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock,i.e.stabilityAccording to Stuart Robertson,et al(1957),*(年年考试必考)the ninefunctional words,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to
14、,will,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1)All national character2)Stability3)productivity4)polysemy5)Collocability要把握住All national character，的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water.e.g.machine,video,telephone.e.g.bow,chariot,knightStability is relative
15、,not absolute.根据词的use frequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargone.g.Bottom line(Jargon)3)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argote.g.persuader5)Dialectal wordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologismse.g.emai
16、l(Neologisms)beaver是 girl的 slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic differenceWhich constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary,contentwords or functional words?Answer:Content wordsWhat is native words?Answer:(1)By origin,English words can be classified into nativewords and borrowed words.(2)Native w
17、ords are words brought to Britain in the fifth century bythe German tribes:the Angles,the Saxons,and the Jutes,thus know asAnglo-Saxon words.(3)Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number amounting toroughly 50,000 to 60,000,but they form the mainstream of the basicword stock and stand at the co
18、re of the language彳 I.么叫 borrowed words?Answer:(1)words taken over from foreign languages are know asborrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2)It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80percent of the modern English vocabulary(3)The English language has vast debts.In an
19、y dictionarysome 80%of the entries are borrowed.什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated into the English language.In other words they have come toconform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling,such as portfrom portus(L).Denizens，的例子都要记：Port fro
20、m portus(L),cup from cuppa(L),shift from skipta(ON),shirt from skyrta(ON),change from changier(F),pork from pore(F).什么叫 Translation-loans?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken fromanother language,such a
21、s 4 long time no see from haojiumeijian（Ch）什么叫 Semantic-loans?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form,Buttheir meaning are borrowed,in other words,English has borrowed a newmeaning for an existing word in the language,such as the word dream,which originally meant joy and m
22、usic and its modern meaning wasborrowed later from the Norse.第二章：The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language FamilyIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000（some put it5,000）languages,which can be grouped into roughly 300 languagefamilies on the basis of similariti
23、es in their basic word stock andgrammar.（重点：语系划分的标准）What is the criteria to divide language families?The answer:1.the basis of similarities in their basic word stock2.grammar（重点）The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as（选择题内容：）Prussian,Lithuanian,polish,Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenian and Russia
24、n.Indo-European两大分支：1 .Eastern set2.Western setEastern set:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,Armenian and AlbanianWestern set:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.In the western Set,Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThe five Romance languages,namely.Portuguese,S
25、panish,French,Italian,Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages:Norwegian,Icelandic,Danish and Swedish,which are generally known asScandinavian languages.Then there is German,Dutch,Flemish andEnglish.With Vikings,invasion,many Scandinavia
26、n words came into the Englishlanguage.It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin havesurvived in modern English.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.It was ahighly inflected language just like modem German.重点句：Modem English began with the establishment of
27、printing inEngland古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts).占英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(early scripts)Sound and form真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Sound and form reached their concord in(Modern Englishperiod)如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modem English又可.以细划分为early period,modem period.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)Early modern English appeared in the Renais
28、sanceModem English period有什么样的外来语的进入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modem English period现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)The richness of Modem English in vocabulary also arises from(Colonization)The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to thepresent analytic lan
29、guage(币;要选择或填空内容)Growth of present-day English VocabularyThree main sources of new words:l)The rapid development of modern science and technology2)Social,economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and language2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Developmentl)creation 2)semantic change 3)bor
30、rowing2)Semantic change(还包括外来词的 Semantic loans)Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来伺可以被称作borrowed words,因此又可以被称作.重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth ofEnglish vocabulary though quite ins
31、ignificant.This is especially trueof American English.英语从 synthetic language 发展到 present analytical language 是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：Modern English period文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段？答案：Early Modem English period在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,English in Middle English periodeasel,port,freight,IB现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种
32、外来词的引入？答案：Middle English,Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了 2500个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch(前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少？答 案:50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue)第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets,black belt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-day English Vocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。Old English
33、和 Middle English 最大的 striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面？答案：Old English was a language of full endings,Middle English wasone of leveled endings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响？答案：Greek,Roman culture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段？答案：Modern English十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案：Printing这导致 sound and fo
34、rm 出现 concord,出现 standardization.第三章复习：The smallest unit in the English language refers to(morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language refers to(word)In the plural form changing,some of the words will take internal vowelchange,this internal vowel change is called(allomorphs)Deer复数没有变，还是d
35、eer,sheep复数没有变，还是sheep,因此，这种变化被称作(zero derivation)名词解释：Morphemes:The minimal meaningful units in a language are known asmorphemes.In other words,the morphemes is the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs:The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs,e.g.the morpheme of plural
36、ity-s has a number of allomorphs in differentsound context,e.g.in cats in bags,matchesIt can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet,man-men,goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer,fish-fish简答题：what are the types of morphemes?(答简答题时，名词解释)答案：Free morphemes and bound morph
37、emesFree morphemes:1)Free morphemes are independent of other morphemesand are considered to be free.2)These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be usedas free grammatical units in sentences.3)They are identical with root words,as each of them consists of asingle free root words,as
38、 each of them consists of a single free root4)free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes:1)Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words arebound.2)They are bound to other morphemes to form words.3)Bound morphemes include two types:bound root and affixaffix 分为两类：inflectional and derivational aff
39、ixes.Inflectional affixes:Affixes attached to the end of words to indicategrammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectionalmorphemes.Derivational affixes:l)derivational affixes are affixes added toother morphemes to create now words.2)Derivational affixes can be further divided i
40、nto prefixes andsuffixes.root:1)a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be furtheranalyzed without total loss of identity.2)the root,whether free or bound,generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word3)a root is that part of a wordform that remains when allinflectional and derivat
41、ional affixes have been removed?stem:1)a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or oftwo rootmorphemes as in a compound like handcuff.2)It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixationalmorphemes as inmouthful,underestimate.3)Therefore,a stem can be defined as a form to which aff
42、ixes ofany kind canbe added.问题：Stem和 root有一个最大的区别在哪里？(连着两年没有考过)答案：a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind canbe added.问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,diet请加以理论的分析？Both nation and diet belong to roots,nation is free root,which canfunction alone in a sentence,Nation as a free root,has com
43、plete meaning,when both prefixes andsuffixes attached to it are removed,nation as a free root,stillremainsDiet is a bound root,which can not function alone grammatically,dietcarries the fundamental meaning of words,diet has to combine with theother morphemes to create new words,for example,dictionar
44、y,contradiction.问题：分析下面一句话：He is much more cleverer than any other one inthe village,too heads are better than one.请从构词角度分析以上的例子，cleverer,bettercleverer(-er:inflectional affixes)better(good,well 的特殊变化)It is allomorph of good and well.第四章：问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种？答案：有七种：1)Affixation 2)Compounding 3)conver
45、sion 4)shortening5)clipping 6)acronymy 7)blending有三种最常用：affixation,compounding and conversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种？答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式？答案：Narrowing问题：Affixation又被称为什么？它分为哪两类？答案：Affixation is also known as derivationAffixation falls into two subclasses:prefixation and suffixation要
46、点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别：a-,non,ir:negative prefixesde-,dis-(既属于 negative，也属于 reversative prefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorative prefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixes of degree or sizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixes of orientation and attitudetrans-,fore-tele-:locative prefixesfore-,post-:prefixes of time an
47、d orderbi-,uni-,semi-:number prefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneous prefixessuffixation:1.Noun suffixes1)Denominal nouns2)De verbal nouns3)De-adjective nouns:ity,-ness,4)Noun and adjective suffixes注意 Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping 的名词解释.要点：复合词分为哪三类：l)solid 2)hyphenated 3)open简答题：what a
48、re the characteristics of compounds?What are the difference between compounds and free phrases?答案：1)phonetic features2)Semantic features3)Grammatical features最常见的三种词性：1)Noun compound 2)Adjective compounds 3)verbcompounds问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性,哪两种不具有多产性？在形容性复合词当中，哪三类有多产性？动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？*名词解释:Conver
49、sion(重点，还没考过)Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of oneclass to another class.Functional shift=conversionZero-derivation(选择或填空要点)Adjective to noun:(1)full conversion(2)partial conversion问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由 Adjective to verbs:(1)Transitive(2)Intransitive简答题:形容词变动词的三种类别(没考过)问
50、题：请你举出由conjunction变为noun的一个例子？答案：Ifsandbutsblending are also called blends or portmanteau words(选择或填空要点)问题：，blending，分为哪四类合成词？1.head+tail2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail问题:绝大多数blending都是什么词性？答案：nounsThe overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.问题：截短