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1、第一章第一章1.Word1.Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a givenA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a givensound and meaning and syntactic function.sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.2.ThereThere is is nono logicallogical relationshiprelationship betweenbetwee
2、n soundsound andand meaningmeaning asas thethesymbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g.symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g.“womanwoman”meansmeans FrauFrau in Germanin German，FemmeFemme in French andin French and FunvFunv in Chinese.in Chinese.
3、On the other handOn the other hand，the same sound/rait/can mean rightthe same sound/rait/can mean right，rite and writerite and write，though denoting different thingsthough denoting different things，yet have the same sound.yet have the same sound.3.The difference between sound and form result from 4
4、major factors.3.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsAt least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a a）.the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to.the in
5、ternal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language.represent each sound in the language.b b）.Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling.Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc c）.Influence of the work of scribes/printing f
6、reezes the spelling of words in.Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in15001500d d）.Borrowing of foreign language.Borrowing of foreign language4.Vocabulary4.Vocabulary Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sumVocabulary is most commonly used to refer to
7、the sumtotal of all the words of a language.It can also refer to all the words of a giventotal of all the words of a language.It can also refer to all the words of a givendialectdialect，a a givengiven bookbook，a a givengiven subjectsubject andand allall thethe wordswords possessedpossessed byby anan
8、individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of timeindividual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of timein history.in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 millionThe general estimate of the present day
9、English vocabulary is over 1 millionwords.words.5.Classification of Words5.Classification of Wordsby use frequencyby use frequency，by notionby notion，by originby origin1 1）.Basic word stock.Basic word stock the foundation of the vocabulary.the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character1.a
10、ll national character（most importantmost important）natural phenomenanatural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsmost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsworld around us names of plants and animalsa
11、ctionaction，sizesize，domaindomain，statestatenumeralsnumerals，pronounspronouns，prep.prep.，conj.conj.2.stability2.stability they donate the commonest thing necessary to lifethey donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they arethey arelike to remain unchanged.Only relativelike to remain unchanged.
12、Only relative，some are undergoing some changes.some are undergoing some changes.But the change is slow.But the change is slow.e.g.arrowe.g.arrow，bowbow，chariotchariot，knightknight pastpastelectricityelectricity，machinemachine，carcar，planeplane nownow3.productivity3.productivity they are mostly root
13、words or monosyllabic wordsthey are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，theytheycan form new words with other roots and affixes.can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g.foote.g.foot footballfootball，footagefootage，footpathfootpath，footerfooter4.polysemy4.polysemy often possess more th
14、an one meaning.Become polysemous.often possess more than one meaning.Become polysemous.e.g.take to move or carry from one place to anothere.g.take to move or carry from one place to anotherto removeto remove5.collocability5.collocability quite a number of set expressionsquite a number of set express
15、ions，idiomatic usagesidiomatic usages，proverbial saying and othersproverbial saying and otherse.g.hearte.g.heart a change of hearta change of heart，a heart of golda heart of goldNon-basic vocabularyNon-basic vocabulary 1.terminology1.terminology technical termstechnical termsphotoscanningphotoscanni
16、ng，hepatitishepatitis，indigestionindigestion，penicillinpenicillin，algebraalgebra，trigonometrytrigonometry，calculuscalculus2.jargon2.jargon specialized vocabulary in certain professions.specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom lineBottom line，ballpark figuresballpark figures，bargaining ch
17、ipsbargaining chips，hold him backhold him back，holdholdhim inhim in，paranoidparanoid3.slang3.slang substandard words often used in informal occasionssubstandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and breaddough and bread，grass and potgrass and pot，beaverbeaver，smokysmoky，bearbear，catchcatch
18、，hollerholler，RogerRoger，X-raysX-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4.argot4.argot words used by sub-cultured groupswords used by sub-cultured groupscan-openercan-opener，dipdip，persuaderpersuadercantcant，jargonjargon，arg
19、ot are associated withargot are associated with，or most available toor most available to，specificspecificgroups of the population.groups of the population.5.dialectal words5.dialectal words only by speakers of the dialectonly by speakers of the dialectbeautybeauty，chookchook，cockycocky，stationstatio
20、n，auldauld，buildbuild，coocoo，hamehame，loughlough，bogbog6.6.archaismsarchaisms wordswords nono longerlonger inin commoncommon useuse oror restrictedrestricted inin use.use.InInolder poemsolder poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.legal document and religious writing or speech.7.7.neol
21、ogismneologismnewlynewlycreatedcreatedwordswordswithwithnewnewmeaningmeaninge.g.e.g.microelectronicsmicroelectronics，futurologyfuturology，AIDSAIDS，internetinternet，E-mailE-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g.mouseold meaning acquired new meaning e.g.mouse，monitormonitor2 2）.Content word.Content
22、 word（notional wordnotional word）denote clear notions.denote clear notions.Functional wordFunctional word（empty wordempty word，form wordform word）do not have notions ofdo not have notions oftheir owntheir own，express the relation between notionsexpress the relation between notions，words and sentence
23、s.words and sentences.a.a.ContentContent wordswords constituteconstitute thethe mainmain bodybody ofof thethe EnglishEnglish vocabularyvocabulary arearenumerous.numerous.Functional words are in a small number.Functional words are in a small number.b.Content words are growing.b.Content words are grow
24、ing.Functional words remain stable.Functional words remain stable.c.Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.c.Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3 3）.Native words.Native words are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by theare words br
25、ought to Britain in the 15 century by theGerman tribes.Ango-Saxon WordsGerman tribes.Ango-Saxon Words，5050，000-60000-60，000000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world.More areWhat is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world.More are1.neutral in style1.neutra
26、l in style（not stylistical specificnot stylistical specific）2.2.frequent in use2.2.frequent in use（in academic fields and science Frenchin academic fields and science French，Latin or GreekLatin or Greekare usedare used）（usage 70-90%usage 70-90%）Borrowed wordsBorrowed words（loan wordsloan words，borro
27、wingborrowing）words taken over fromwords taken over fromforeign language.80%foreign language.80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowingAccording to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we canwe canbring the loan words under 4 classes.bring the loan words under 4
28、 classes.1.Denizens1.Denizens wordswords borrowedborrowed earlyearly andand nownow areare wellwell assimilatedassimilated intointoEnglish language.English language.e.g.port from portuse.g.port from portus（L L）shiftshift，changechange，shirtshirt，porkporkcup from cuppacup from cuppa（L L）2.Aliens2.Alien
29、s retained their original pronunciation and spellingretained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g.de.g.d corcor（F F）blitzkreegblitzkreeg（G G）emiremir，intermezintermez，rowtowrowtow，bazaarbazaar，rajarrajar，status quostatus quo3.translation3.translation loansloans formedformed fromfrom thethe e
30、xistingexisting materialmaterial inin thethe EnglishEnglishlanguage but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1 1）.Word translated according to the meaning.Word translated according to the meaninge.g.mother tough from lin
31、gua maternale.g.mother tough from lingua maternal（L L）black humor from humor noirblack humor from humor noirlong time no seelong time no see，surplus valuesurplus value，master piecemaster piece2 2）.Words translated according to the sound.Words translated according to the sounde.g.kulak from kyrake.g.
32、kulak from kyrak（RussRuss）lama from lamalama from lama（TibTib）ketchupketchupteatea4.Semantic loans4.Semantic loans their meaning are borrowed from another languagetheir meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g.stupid old dumpe.g.stupid old dumpnew sassynew sassydream old joy and peacedream old
33、joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering workpioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneernew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinentfresh old impertinent，sassysassy，cheekycheeky自考英语词汇学复习资料第二章自考英语词汇学复习资料第二章2006-9-142006-9-14【大【大 中中 小】小
34、】第二章第二章Indo-European language familyIndo-European language family（EuropeEurope，the Near Eastthe Near East，BaltoBalto Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicSlavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandieLithu
35、anian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishPolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekIrish GreekBretonBreto
36、nScottishScottishIndiaIndia）2.History2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）（时间，历史事件，特征）1 1）Old EnglishOld English（450-1150450-1150）totally 50totally 50，000-60000-60，000 words000 wordsTheThe 1st1st peoplepeople knownknown toto inhabitinhabit EnglandEngland werewere CeltsCelts，thethe languagelanguage waswasCeltic.Celt
37、ic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called anglesThe Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their languageSaxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon dominateddominated andand
38、blottedblotted outout thethe Celtic.Celtic.NowNow peoplepeople referrefer totoAnglo-Saxon as old English.Anglo-Saxon as old English.AtAt thethe endend ofof 6th6th centurycentury，thethe introductionintroduction ofof ChristianityChristianity hashas a a greatgreatimpact on the English vocabulary.impact
39、 on the English vocabulary.TheThe commoncommon practicepractice waswas toto createcreate newnew wordswords byby combiningcombining twotwo nativenativewords.words.In the 9th centuryIn the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English.At leastmany Scandinavian words came into English.At least9
40、00 words of Scandinavian are in modern English900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.our daily life and speech.特点：特点：highly inflected languagehighly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changescomplex endings or vowel changes（full endingfull ending）2 2）Middle
41、 EnglishMiddle English（1150-15001150-1500）EnglishEnglish，LatinLatin，FrenchFrenchUntil 1066Until 1066，although there were borrowings from Latinalthough there were borrowings from Latin，the influence onthe influence onEnglishEnglish waswas mainlymainly Germanic.Germanic.ButBut thethe NormanNorman Conq
42、uestConquest startedstarted a a continualcontinualflow of French words into English.flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th centuryBy the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into publicEnglish gradually come back into publicareas.areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000
43、 words of French origin come into English.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English.75%of them are till in use today.75%of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：特点：f
44、ewer inflectionsfewer inflectionsleveled endingleveled ending3 3）Modern EnglishModern English（1500-up to now1500-up to now）early modern Englishearly modern English（1500-17001500-1700）late modern Englishlate modern English（1700-up to now1700-up to now）The RenaissanceThe Renaissance，Latin and Greek we
45、re recognized as the languages of theLatin and Greek were recognized as the languages of theWestern worldWestern worlds great literary heritage.s great literary heritage.TheThe IndustrialIndustrial RevolutionRevolution waswas inin thethe mid-17mid-17 century.century.WithWith thethe growthgrowth ofof
46、colonizationcolonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of theBritish tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of theglobeglobe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of thethus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages
47、of theworld.world.After World War IIAfter World War II，many new words have been created to express newmany new words have been created to express newideasideas，inventions and scientific achievements.inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.More words a
48、re created by means of word-formation.thousandsthousands andand thousandsthousands ofof newnew wordswords havehave beenbeen enteredentered toto expressexpress newnewideas inventionsideas inventions，and scientific achievements.and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-format
49、ion.more words are created by means of word-formation.inin modernmodern EnglishEnglish，wordword endingsendings werewere mostlymostly lostlost withwith justjust a a fewfewexceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analyticexceptions English has evolved from a synthetic la
50、nguage to the present analyticlanguage.language.sciencescience andand technologytechnology termsterms makemake upup aboutabout 45%45%ofof newnew words.words.wordswordsassociatedassociated withwith life-stylelife-style constituteconstitute ofof 24%24%andand socialsocial andand economiceconomic termst