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1、Functional grammar-Three metafunctions1.Functional grammar 2.The Ideational Function 3.The Interpersonal Function 4.The Textual Function1.Functional grammarBasic viewpoints:Language is the product of social activities.Language is what it is because it has to serve certain social functions.Social dem
2、ands on language has helped to shape its structure.Halliday defines a functional grammar as essentially a natural grammar,in the sense that everything in it can be explained He explores language in terms of the relations between language and social needs,social structure,and socio-cultural backgroun
3、d.1.Functional grammar Halliday views language development in children as the mastery of linguistic function,and learning a language is learning how to mean“语言功能的掌握”、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”1.Functional grammar Seven functions in childrens model of language:The instrumental function(工具):to meet his material n
4、eeds,goods and services;The regulatory function(控制):to control others behavior;The interactional function(互动):to talk with others The personal function(个人):to express his feelings The heuristic function（启发）:to know about his own surroundings The imaginative function（想象）:to create surroundings The in
5、formative function（告知）:to provide information for others1.Functional grammar The adults language has to serve many functions,senven functions of childrens language are gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions,which are meta-functions(纯理功能）:Ideational function（概念功能）Interperso
6、nal function（人际功能）Textual function.（语篇功能）2.The Ideational Function The ideational function(experimental and logical)is to convey new information unknown to the hearer.It is a meaning potential(意义潜势),used in all languages.It is to refer to categories of experience of the world.2.The Ideational Functi
7、on The ideational function mainly consists of transitivity（及物性）and voice（语态）.2.The Ideational Function Transitivity is the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect.It consists of 6 different processes:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbal and existential.aterial processes(物质过程)Material
8、processes are those in which something is done.(表示做某件事的过程)Process:an action verbActor(logical subject):动作者Goal(logical direct object):目标 aterial processes(物质过程)eg.My brother broke the vase.Actor Process Goal ental processes(心理过程)Mental processes express such mental phenomena as perception 感知,reactio
9、n 反应 and cognition 认知.Sensor:感觉者 Phenomenon：被感知的现象ental processes(心理过程)eg.perception 感知 John saw the murderer.sensor process phenomenon eg.reaction 反应 My sister likes the skirt.sensor process phenomenon eg.cognition 认知 I know that she was absent.sensor process phenomenon elational processes(关系过程)Rel
10、ational processes can be classfied into two types:I.Attributive(归属)：某个实体具有何种属性II.Identifying（识别）:一个实体与另一个实体是统一的elational processes(关系过程)eg.Attributive(归属)The film lasted two hours.carrier 载体 process 过程 attribute 属性 eg.Identifying（识别）John is our monitor.identified 被识别者 process identifier 识别者 token 标记
11、 value 价值 2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程)Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological behaviour such as breathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.一般只有一个参加者，一般为人。2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程)eg.The old man sighed for the days of his youth.behaver 行为者erbal processes(言语过程)Verbal proce
12、sses are those of exchanging information.（say,tell,talk,etc.)sayer:讲话者 receiver:受话者 verbiage:讲话内容erbal processes(言语过程)eg.My watch says it is nine-thirty.sayer verbiage xistential processes(存在过程)Existential processes represent that something exists or happens.(be,exist,etc.)eg.There is a new office b
13、uilding.existent 存在物 Process type(过程类型)category meaning（意义）participants（参加者）Material:doing Actor,Goal Action doing Event happening Behavioral behaving Behaver Mental:sensing Sensor,Phenomenon Perception seeing Affection feeling Cognition thinking Verbal saying Sayer,Target Relational:being Attributi
14、on attributing carrier,Attribute Identification identifying Identified,identifier Existential existing Existent 3.The Interpersonal Function（人际功能）The interpersonal meta-function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.It is about the social world,especially the relatio
15、nship between speaker and hearer,and is concerned with clauses as exchanges.In the interpersonal meta-function subject 主语 mood(语气)finite element 限定成分 A clause modality(情态)3.1 Mood(语气)Mood provides us with the speech functions,such as persuading,enticing(诱骗),requesting,ordering,suggesting,asserting,i
16、nsisting,doubting,and so on.Subject:noun,noun phrase,short sentence,etc.Finite element is a number of verbal operators(动词运算符)expressing tense(has,is)or modality(must,can)Mood Those who wish to participate in the contest must put their names here.To argue with the captain is asking for trouble.Ignori
17、ng the problem will not make your work easier.That teapot the duke has given to my aunt last year补语 主语 限定成分 谓语 状语剩余部分 语气 剩余部分(residue)3.2 Modality(情态)Modality（情态）refers to the judgment on achievement orientation and effectiveness of speakers proposition(命题),or the required obligation in the command,
18、or the expressed willingness in the proposal(提议).assertion(断言)this is 命题(proposition)negation(否定)this is not prescribing(规定)do it 提议(proposal)proscribing(禁止)dont do it命题（proposition）在断言和否定之间有两种可能性:(1)不同量值的概率（如 possibly,probably,certainly）(2)不同量值的频率（如 sometimes,usually,always）提议(proposal)在做此事与不能做此事之间
19、也有两种可能性。哪一种起作用取决于小句的言语功能是命令(command)还是提供（offer）.命令句中，中介量值代表不同程度的义务(如allowed to,supposed to,required to)提供句中，中介量值代表不同程度的意愿(如willing to,anxious to,determined to)3.3 Speech Function(言语功能)According to Halliday,of the various speech roles（言语角色）,two are the most basic:giving(给予)and taking(求取)。In interpers
20、onal communications,the commodities exchanged(交换物)can also fall into two kinds:goods-services（物品及服务）and information（信息）.Thus,speech roles and commodities exchanged make up four principal speech roles:offer,command,statement,and question.4.Textual Function Textual Function refers to the existence of
21、a mechanism in the language,which can organize any stretch of verbal or written discourse into a coherent and unified chapters and make a living language fragment distinguish from a random permutation.语篇功能是语言中的机制，语篇功能是指语言中存在一种机制，可以将任何的一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章，使一个活的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。In our daily use,the
22、 basic unit of language is not word or sentence,but the text“语篇”.In order to make other two functions work,the speaker must organize them together.This is called textual function.language makes links with itself and with features of the situation which it is used.This enables the speaker or writer t
23、o construct a text that is connected.The textual metafunction enables the realization of the relation between language and context,making the language user produce a text which matches the context.The relevant grammatical systems include Theme,Given and New,as well as the systems of cohesion,such as
24、 Reference,Substitution,and Ellipsis.Three Routes:Thematic relations 主位结构 Information structure 信息结构 Cohesion 衔接 The concept of Theme is important to in functional approaches to syntax.Thematic relationstheme 主位rheme 述位Theme 主位 The theme is the first constituent,and it denotes the starting point of
25、the clause-what it is going to be about.主位是信息的出发点,是所谈论的对象或基础,句子是围绕主位这个成分组织起来的,传达的是已知信息。-The starting point of the clause message-Realized in English by first position in a cluase-Must contain a participant,process or circumstances-Includes any element preceding the first participant,process or circu
26、mstances;-Multiple themeRheme 述位 The rest part of the clause is called rheme,the information that is new.述位则是对主位的描述，描写和说明，传达的是新信息。Theme Herry kissed the Alice in the park.In the park,Herry kissed the Alice.Theme Rheme Rheme SummaryTextual function,enables speakers or writers to construct a text and enables listeners to readers to distinguish a text from a random set of sentences.1.to make it clear to our audience2.to emphasize,or make prominent,the essential element of it.