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1、1.Functional grammarBasic viewpoints:Language is the product of social activities.Language is what it is because it has to serve certain social functions.Social demands on language has helped to shape its structure.Halliday defines a functional grammar as essentially a natural grammar,in the sense t
2、hat everything in it can be explained He explores language in terms of the relations between language and social needs,social structure,and socio-cultural background.第1页/共39页1.Functional grammarHalliday views language development in children as the mastery of linguistic function,and learning a langu
3、age is learning how to mean“语言功能的掌握”、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”第2页/共39页1.Functional grammarSeven functions in childrens model of language:The instrumental function(工具):to meet his material needs,goods and services;The regulatory function(控制):to control others behavior;The interactional function(互动):to talk with
4、 othersThe personal function(个人):to express his feelingsThe heuristic function（启发）:to know about his own surroundingsThe imaginative function（想象）:to create surroundingsThe informative function（告知）:to provide information for others第3页/共39页1.Functional grammarThe adults language has to serve many func
5、tions,senven functions of childrens language are gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions,which are meta-functions(纯理功能）:Ideational function（概念功能）Interpersonal function（人际功能）Textual function.（语篇功能）第4页/共39页2.The Ideational FunctionThe ideational function(experimental and logi
6、cal)is to convey new information unknown to the hearer.It is a meaning potential(意义潜势),used in all languages.It is to refer to categories of experience of the world.第5页/共39页2.The Ideational FunctionThe ideational function mainly consists of transitivity（及物性）and voice（语态）.第6页/共39页2.The Ideational Fun
7、ctionTransitivity is the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect.It consists of 6 different processes:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbal and existential.第7页/共39页2.1.Material processes(物质过程)Material processes are those in which something is done.(表示做某件事的过程)Process:an action verbActor
8、(logical subject):动作者Goal(logical direct object):目标 第8页/共39页2.1.Material processes(物质过程)eg.My brother broke the vase.Actor Process Goal 第9页/共39页2.2.Mental processes(心理过程)Mental processes express such mental phenomena as perception感知,reaction反应 and cognition认知.Sensor:感觉者 Phenomenon：被感知的现象第10页/共39页2.2
9、.Mental processes(心理过程)eg.perception感知 John saw the murderer.sensor process phenomenon eg.reaction反应 My sister likes the skirt.sensor process phenomenon eg.cognition认知 I know that she was absent.sensor process phenomenon 第11页/共39页2.3.Relational processes(关系过程)Relational processes can be classfied in
10、to two types:I.Attributive(归属)：某个实体具有何种属性II.Identifying（识别）:一个实体与另一个实体是统一的第12页/共39页2.3.Relational processes(关系过程)eg.Attributive(归属)The film lasted two hours.carrier 载体 process过程 attribute属性 eg.Identifying（识别）John is our monitor.identified被识别者 process identifier识别者 token标记 value 价值 第13页/共39页2.4.Behav
11、ioral processes(行为过程)Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological behaviour such as breathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.一般只有一个参加者，一般为人。第14页/共39页2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程)eg.The old man sighed for the days of his youth.behaver行为者第15页/共39页2.5.Verbal processes(言语过程)Verbal pr
12、ocesses are those of exchanging information.（say,tell,talk,etc.)sayer:讲话者 receiver:受话者 verbiage:讲话内容第16页/共39页2.5.Verbal processes(言语过程)eg.My watch says it is nine-thirty.sayer verbiage 第17页/共39页2.6.Existential processes(存在过程)Existential processes represent that something exists or happens.(be,exist,
13、etc.)eg.There is a new office building.existent 存在物第18页/共39页2.7.summaryProcess type (过程类型)category meaning（意义）participants（参加者）Material:doing Actor,Goal Action doing Event happeningBehavioral behaving BehaverMental:sensing Sensor,Phenomenon Perception seeing Affection feeling Cognition thinkingVerba
14、l saying Sayer,TargetRelational:being Attribution attributing carrier,AttributeIdentification identifying Identified,identifierExistential existing Existent 第19页/共39页3.The Interpersonal Function（人际功能）The interpersonal meta-function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relatio
15、ns.It is about the social world,especially the relationship between speaker and hearer,and is concerned with clauses as exchanges.第20页/共39页In the interpersonal meta-function subject 主语 mood(语气)finite element 限定成分 A clause modality(情态)第21页/共39页3.1 Mood(语气)Mood provides us with the speech functions,su
16、ch as persuading ,enticing(诱骗),requesting,ordering,suggesting,asserting,insisting,doubting,and so on.Subject:noun,noun phrase,short sentence,etc.Finite element is a number of verbal operators(动词运算符)expressing tense(has,is)or modality(must,can)第22页/共39页MoodThose who wish to participate in the contest
17、 must put their names here.To argue with the captain is asking for trouble.Ignoring the problem will not make your work easier.第23页/共39页That teapot the duke has given to my aunt last year补语主语限定成分谓语状语剩余部分 语气剩余部分(residue)第24页/共39页3.2 Modality(情态)Modality（情态）refers to the judgment on achievement orient
18、ation and effectiveness of speakers proposition(命题),or the required obligation in the command,or the expressed willingness in the proposal(提议).第25页/共39页 assertion(断言)this is 命题(proposition)negation(否定)this is not prescribing(规定)do it 提议(proposal)proscribing(禁止)dont do it第26页/共39页命题（proposition）在断言和否
19、定之间有两种可能性:(1)不同量值的概率（如 possibly,probably,certainly）(2)不同量值的频率（如 sometimes,usually,always）第27页/共39页提议(proposal)在做此事与不能做此事之间也有两种可能性。哪一种起作用取决于小句的言语功能是命令(command)还是提供（offer）.命令句中，中介量值代表不同程度的义务(如allowed to,supposed to,required to)提供句中，中介量值代表不同程度的意愿(如willing to,anxious to,determined to)第28页/共39页3.3 Speech
20、 Function(言语功能)According to Halliday,of the various speech roles（言语角色）,two are the most basic:giving(给予)and taking(求取)。In interpersonal communications,the commodities exchanged(交换物)can also fall into two kinds:goods-services（物品及服务）and information（信息）.Thus,speech roles and commodities exchanged make
21、up four principal speech roles:offer,command,statement,and question.第29页/共39页第30页/共39页4.Textual FunctionTextual Function refers to the existence of a mechanism in the language,which can organize any stretch of verbal or written discourse into a coherent and unified chapters and make a living languag
22、e fragment distinguish from a random permutation.语篇功能是语言中的机制，语篇功能是指语言中存在一种机制，可以将任何的一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章，使一个活的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。第31页/共39页In our daily use,the basic unit of language is not word or sentence,but the text“语篇”.In order to make other two functions work,the speaker must organize them toget
23、her.This is called textual function.language makes links with itself and with features of the situation which it is used.This enables the speaker or writer to construct a text that is connected.The textual metafunction enables the realization of the relation between language and context,making the l
24、anguage user produce a text which matches the context.第32页/共39页The relevant grammatical systems include Theme,Given and New,as well as the systems of cohesion,such as Reference,Substitution,and Ellipsis.Three Routes:Thematic relations主位结构 Information structure 信息结构 Cohesion 衔接第33页/共39页The concept of
25、 Theme is important to in functional approaches to syntax.Thematic relationstheme 主位rheme述位第34页/共39页Theme 主位The theme is the first constituent,and it denotes the starting point of the clause-what it is going to be about.主位是信息的出发点,是所谈论的对象或基础,句子是围绕主位这个成分组织起来的,传达的是已知信息。-The starting point of the clause
26、 message-Realized in English by first position in a cluase-Must contain a participant,process or circumstances-Includes any element preceding the first participant,process or circumstances;-Multiple theme第35页/共39页Rheme 述位The rest part of the clause is called rheme,the information that is new.述位则是对主位
27、的描述，描写和说明，传达的是新信息。第36页/共39页Theme Herry kissed the Alice in the park.In the park,Herry kissed the Alice.Theme Rheme Rheme 第37页/共39页SummaryTextual function,enables speakers or writers to construct a text and enables listeners to readers to distinguish a text from a random set of sentences.1.to make it clear to our audience2.to emphasize,or make prominent,the essential element of it.第38页/共39页感谢您的观看！第39页/共39页