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1、 Psychological Adjustment of Farmer Laborers Children in Yangzhou City:The Identity Conflict of Migrant Children under the Background of Urban-Rural Dualistic Social System 扬州市农民工子女心理适应性调查：在城乡二元 社会结构下流动儿童身份构建的 冲突分析 By Chen Jie A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School and College of English in Parti
2、al Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Under the Supervision of Professor Michael. H. Prosser Shanghai International Studies University April 2009 声 明 本学位论文是我在导师的指导下取得的研究成果。在本学位论文 中，除了加以标注和致谢的部分外，不包含其他人己经发表或公布过 的研究成果，也不包含我为获得任何教育机构的学位或学历而使用过 的材料。与我一同工作的同事对本学位论文做出的贡献均已在论文
3、中 作了明确的明说。 学位论文作者签名： . 签名日期 ： 叫 年 广月 v日 学位论文使用授权声明 上海外国语 大学有权保存学位论文的电子和纸质文档，可以借阅 或上网公开本学位论文的全部或部分内容，可以向有关部门或机构送 交并授权其保存、借阅或上网公布本学位论文的全部或部分内容。对 于保密论文，按保密的有关规定和程序处理。 学 位 论 文 作 者 签 名 ： 签 名 日 期 广 p r 月 导 师 签 名 ： 名 日 期 : 巧年 (7 明乙胆 Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor
4、 Michael H. Prosser , my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Second, I would like to express my heartf
5、elt gratitude to Mr. Xue, my head teacher in junior high school in Yangzhou, who gave me a lot of help in my questionnaire research. I am also greatly indebted to Professor Steve J. Kulich and other professors and teachers in IC who have instructed and helped me greatly in the past two years. Last,
6、my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving consideration and great confidence in me all through these years. I also want to extend my thanks to my dear boyfriend who has been at my side all the time, encouraging me, helping me to process all those tedious data and trying hard to give m
7、e a fine environment to write my thesis. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis. ABSTRACT The problem of farmer laborers?children in cities
8、 has become the focus of social attention. Academics have emphasized these children problems of entering school to be educated. With the society developing, the physical and mental health of these children comes to attention too. This thesis chooses the psychological status of farmer laborers?childr
9、en in Yangzhou City as its research point and probes the similarities and differences among farmer laborers?children in a self-established school, farmer laborers?children in a government school and urban children in a government school. On the one hand, there are not many essays from this view of p
10、oint. On the other hand, as migrant into cities these children show their unique features on psychological status with the change of living surroundings. They differ from the children living in the countryside all the time, also from the native children in cities. This dissociating condition brings
11、great negative influence on their physical and mental development. With investigative collection of data, this thesis explores objectively the psychological status of these farm laborers9 children, and makes attributions to improve their mental health and future growth. This thesis describes, based
12、on investigation (questionnaires, interviews, and homework analysis), the psychological status of the farmer laborers?children living in Yangzhou City as well as those studying in a government school and additionally a self-established school special for farmer laborers9 children. Then it considers
13、the status with the urban children抯 together to figure out the differences between them on these dimensions of mental health, environmental adjustment, communication with others, study conditions, and self-evaluations. Then the author further probes the influence of communication with generalized ot
14、hers on the identity construction process of farmer laborers9 children in Yangzhou City, how those children recognize themselves and construct their identity on such a basis and how the urban-rural dualistic social structure influences this process. In the communication with generalized others, farm
15、er laborers9 children take urban citizens as a reference and construct a marginal identity just as their parents do. The duties are oftten overemphasized while lawful rights are frequently ignored. However, identity is an ever-changing process rather than a fixed entity. Active communication can hav
16、e active influences on the remediation of negative identity. Key Words: Farmer Laborers?Children in City; Identity Construction; Marginal People in Yangzou City Psychological Status; 城市农民工子女作为一个日趋庞大的社会群体，越来越成为社会的关注对 象。过去学术研究主要侧重于他们入学受教育方面的问题，随着社会的发展变化， 城市农民工子女的身心健康发展问题也日受关注。 本文选取了城市农民工子女的 心理状况作为研究对象
17、，通过分析比较公办学校中的城市农民工子女，打工者子 弟学校中的城市农民工子女和公办学校中的城市儿童，探讨这三个群体的异同。 一方面，是因为目前这类问题的研究还不多见，另一方面，城市农民工子女作为城 市的迁入者，因为社会环境的变化，这一群体有其特有的心理状况 ,他们不同于完 全生活于农村的儿童，也不同于完全生活于城市的常驻儿童，这种处境上的游离 状态给城市农民工子女的身心发展带来巨大的影响。通过分析比较研究，对城市 农民工子女的心理状况将有比较客观的了解，对促进城 市农民工子女的心理健康 和发展具有一定的意义和作用。 本文力图在调查和研究（问卷调查、个别访谈、作业分析等 ） 的基础上，呈现 生活
18、在扬州地区，分别就读于一般城市公办学校和打工者子弟学校的城市农民工 子女的心理状况，以及他们与一般城市儿童的心理状况的比较。反映他们在心理 健康、环境适应、人际关系、学习、自我评价等方面的状况，分析影响他们心理 状况的因素，并探究其社会交往中的 “ 一般化他人 ” （ 如流动儿童的父母、以教师 为代表的学校教化机制和同辈群体 ） 是如何影响其身份建构的过程的、流动儿童 是如何认识 “ 自我 ” 并在此基 础上进行身份的自我建构的、以及城乡二元社会结 构是如何影响这个过程的。在 “ 一般化他人 ” 的交流中，与他们的父母一样， 以城市群体为参照，流动儿童被社会建构了一个重义务、轻权利的 “ 城市
19、边缘人 ” 身份。在如上分析的基础上，本研究认为流动儿童在与 “ 一般化他人 ” 的互动中 被社会建构了 “ 城市边缘人 ” 这样一个义务强化、权利弱化的自我身份。但身份 也不是一成不变的，它是一个不断变化着的过程。因此，积极的交往在消极的身 份构建中可以起到非常积极的作用。 关键词：城市农民工子女；心理状况；身份构建；城市边缘人 Acknowledgements ABSTRACT 摘要 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Research Background . 1 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 The Current Situatio
20、n of Farmer Laborers?Children in City . 1 1.2.4 The Current Situation of Studies on Farmer Laborers?Children in City in Academic Circles . 3 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 The Main Features and Shortcomings of Current Research . 5 1.4 1.5 1.6 The Theory Foundation and Purpose of This Thesis . 8 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3
21、 The Psychological Health Theory . 8 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 Identity Construction of Migrant People . 12 2.1.7 2.1.8 2.1.9 The Meaning of This Thesis . 15 CHAPTER TWO: THE PROCESS OF INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS 晻晻 ?17 3.1 3.2 3.3 Methodology . 17 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 Questionnaire . 17 2.1.1 Analysis of Adver
22、se Factors in the Psychology of Farmer Laborers?Children in Yangzhou City . 33 2.2.2.2 . 2.2.2.3 . 2.2.2.4 . The Factor of Family . 33 2.2.2.5 2.2.2.6 2.2.2.7 Factor of School . 33 2.2.2.8 2.2.2.9 2.2.2.10 . Factor of Society . 36 2.2.2.11 . 2.2.2.12 . 2.2.2.13 . Factor of Peers . 37 2.1.2 Analysis
23、of Advantaged Factors inthe Psychology of Farmer Laborers9 Children in Yangzhou City . 40 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 Analysis from the Aspect of Identity Construction . 41 2.1.5 . 2.1.5 . 2.1.5 . Summary . 46 2.1.5 2.1.5 2.1.5 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Study . 46 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 2.3.2.
24、3 Research Background With the economic development and the rapid modernization progress in China, more and more peasants go to work in cities and are usually named as farmer labors. Some of them who got married leave their children with relatives in the countryside and some take their children with
25、 them to cities to live and study. In academic circles, they are called transient children or farmer laborers?children. According to 揟 emporal Method of Transient Children抯 Schooling Problem?by the Education Department and Ministry of Public Security, transient children are children aged from 6 to 1
26、4 years old who follow their parents or guardians to temporary residence more than half a year. We can see that transient childrens definition does not limit the direction of their migration while farmer laborers9 children come from the countryside to the cities. So they are not equal to transient c
27、hildren exactly. What is more, one characteristic of the Chinese Census Registration System (houkou) is the obvious separation between the rural and urban population. Farmer laborers9 children are members of a non-urban population, including farmer laborers?children left in the countryside and farme
28、r laborers?children in cities. Hence as part of transient population, farmer laborers?children in cities can not be simply named farmer laborers?children. In this thesis, farmer laborers9 children in cities refer to those children who follow their parents to cities while their census registrations a
29、re not urban. 13. The Current Situation of Farmer Laborers9 Children in City The children, who are called Second Generation of Transient Population, followed their parents to live in cities. From the moment they arrived, they抮 e confronted with very typical situation. First, Marginal Population in C
30、ites. Marginal Theory are raised by American Socialist Park in 1920s. He thought that due to intermarriages and migration, people between two cultures are bothered by a loss in psychology since their memberships of race or culture are not that clear. Since 1960, some Latin-American scholars tried to
31、 apply the Marginal Theory to the economic, social and cultural conflicts in China which were caused by migration between countryside and cities. In China, farmer laborers?children in cities are an in-disregardful group of teenagers. Their identities are somewhat inherent in that before they are bor
32、n or brought to cities, they 搃 nherit?their parents?rural census registration. In the background of social transition in China, farmer laborers?children in cities are separated from the traditional peasant identities like their parents did, while they are not wholly non-agricultural zed. On one hand
33、, they do not cut off the identity relationship with traditional peasants; on the other hand, they are not totally accepted by the non-rural groups. Hence they are situated in the position between two social roles. Although they have changed their living and study areas from countryside to cities, t
34、hey census registration system excludes them from urban system. They live in cities while hold the rural census registration and not accepted by peers or the whole urban society. Even their hometown accents would be something been laughed at in cities. Their self-established schools are considered a
35、s indecent. Before the schooling policy of sending farmer laborers?children in cities mainly to government schools is comprehensively carried out, the self-established schools are always relocated or shut down. Those who have already been in government schools do not have formal student identities a
36、s urban children do. They抮 e transient students there and have to pay certain fees. Hence the dropout rate of farmer laborers9 children in cities is as high as 9.3%1. Their education rights are not ensured. In the aspect of culture life, the rate of farmer laborers9 children in cities going out to l
37、ibraries, museums or science activation centers are much less than urban children. Their culture lives are simple and mean. Their channels to entertainment or 1 See a report uTthe Drop-out Rate of Transient Children in China as High as 9.3%Min Chinese Young News Paper in 14th, May, 2004. 2 informati
38、on are inferior to urban children either. One investigation by Zhou Luan etc. from Beijing Normal University shows that the rate of TV possession rate in farer labor families in cities is 75% while computer is 6.7%(Zhou et al., 2005).Although the rates are much higher than farmer labor families in c
39、ountryside, they are much lower than urban registration families. Another investigation on the situation of transient children抯 surfing the internet shows that， 92% of them never log on internet, 2.4% of them 1 hour, 1.9% of them 2 hours and 1.9% of them 3 hours. Data shows that urban children surf
40、the internet 1 hour per day on average. It is clear that farmer laborers9 children in cities get to internet and computers much less than urban children. Although views on teenagers9 contact with internet still vary nowadays, the development of information technology is an important symbol of social
41、 development and it could not be denied that children contact with internet and computer is an basic starting point to the future， while farmer laborers?children lack such sources of new information and technologies. 14. The Current Situation of Studies on Farmer Laborers5 Children in City in Academic Circles Farmer laborers9 children