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1、Public Goods and Common Resources公共物品和共有资源 Chapter 11Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysisMost goods in our economy are allocated in marketsfor these goods,prices are the sig
2、nals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑战。在我们的经济中，大部分物品是在市场中配置的。对这些物品来说，价格是引导买者和卖者决策的信号。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free
3、.”“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”When goods are available free of charge,the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.当一些物品可以免费得到时，在正常情况下，经济中配置资源的市场力量就不存在了。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”When a goo
4、d does not have a price attached to it,private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.当一种物品没有价格时，私人市场就不能保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.“The best things in life are free.”“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”In such cases,gove
5、rnment policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results,and raise economic well-being.在上述情况下，政府政策可以潜在地解决市场失灵，并增进经济福利。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Different Kinds of GoodsWhen thinking about the various goods in the economy,it is useful to group
6、 them according to two characteristics:u Is the good excludable?u Is the good rival?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.不同类型的物品在考虑经济中的各种物品时，根据两个特点来对物品分类是有用的:u 物品有排他性吗？u 物品有竞争性吗?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Different Kinds of
7、Goods不同类型的物品u Excludability 排他性u People can be prevented from enjoying the good.可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性u Laws recognize and enforce private property rights.法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型的物品u Rivalness 竞争性u One persons
8、use of the good diminishes another persons enjoyment of it.一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Four Types of Goods四种物品u Private Goods 私人物品u Public Goods 公共物品u Common Resources 共有资源u Natural Monopolies 自然垄断Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items co
9、pyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Types of Goods 物品的类型u Private Goods 私人物品u Are both excludable and rival.既有排他性又有竞争性。u Public Goods 公共物品u Are neither excludable nor rival.既无排他性又无竞争性。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Types of Goods 物品的类型u Common Resources 共有资源u Are rival
10、but not excludable.有竞争性但无排他性。u Natural Monopolies 自然垄断u Are excludable but not rival.有排他性但无竞争性。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Four Types of Goods Rival?Yes NoYes Private Goods Ice-cream cones Clothing Congested toll roads Natural Monopolies Fire protection Cable
11、TV Uncongested toll roads No Common Resources Fish in the ocean The environment Congested nontoll roads Public Goods National defense Knowledge Uncongested nontoll roads Excludable?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.四种物品类型 竞争性是 否是 私人物品 冰激凌-衣服 拥挤的收费道路 自然垄断 消防 有线电视 不拥挤
12、的收费道路 否 共有资源 海洋中的鱼 环境 拥挤的不收费道路 公共物品 国防 知识 不拥挤的不收费道路 排他性Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Public Goodsn Goods that are not excludable and,therefore,are available to everyone free of charge.Externalities arise because something of value has no price attached to it.Peo
13、ple receive benefits without having to compensate anyone for the use of scarce resources.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.公共物品n 每个人都可以免费得到不具有排他性的物品。因为具有价值的东西没有相应的市场价格，从而导致了外部性。人们从使用稀缺资源中得到利益而不必向任何人进行支付。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt
14、,Inc.The Free-Rider Problem搭便车问题A free-rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.搭便车者得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Free-Rider Problemu Since people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a publ
15、ic good,individuals may withhold paying for the good hoping that others will pay for it.u The free-rider problem prevents private markets from supplying public goods.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.搭便车问题u 因为不能排除个人从公共物品中享受利益，所以他们不愿意自己支付成本，而希望他人支付。u 搭便车者问题排除了私人市场提供公
16、共物品。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Solving the Free-Rider Problemu The government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs.u The government can make everyone better off by providing the public good and paying for it with tax re
17、venue.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.解决搭便车问题u 如果政府确信，总利益大于总成本，它就可以提供公共物品。u 政府提供公共物品，并用税收为它支付，这样可以使每个人的状况变好。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Some Important Public Goods一些重要公共物品u National Defense 国防u Basic Research 基础研究u Programs
18、to Fight Poverty 反贫困项目Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Are Lighthouses Public Goods?灯塔是公共物品吗？Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Difficult Job of Cost-Benefit Analysisu Cost benefit analysis refers to a study that compares the co
19、sts and benefits to society of providing a public good.u In order to decide whether to provide a public good or not,the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to the costs of providing and maintaining the public good.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harco
20、urt,Inc.成本 收益分析是一个难题u 成本收益分析 是比较提供一种物品对整个社会带来的总收益和总成本的研究。u 为了决定是否提供某种公共物品，必须将使用该公共物品的所有人得到的总利益与提供并维护该项公共物品的总成本进行比较。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Difficult Job of Cost-Benefit Analysisu A cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate the total costs and ben
21、efits of the project to society as a whole.u It is difficult to do because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs.u The value of life,the consumers time,and aesthetics are difficult to assess.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.
22、成本 收益分析是一个难题u 成本收益分析 用来评估一个项目给整个社会能带来的收益和资源成本。u 由于缺乏用来评估社会收益和资源成本的市场价格，所以成本收益分析是一项艰难的工作。u 生命、时间和艺术的价值很难评估。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Common Resources 共有资源Common resources,like public goods,are not excludable.They are available free of charge to anyone who wis
23、hes to use them.共有资源与公共物品一样没有排他性。想使用共有资源的任何一个人都可以免费使用。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Common Resources 共有资源Common resources are rival goods because one persons use of the common resource reduces other peoples use.共有资源具有竞争性，因为一个人使用共有资源就减少了其他人对它的享用。Harcourt,Inc.item
24、s and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Tragedy of the CommonsThe Tragedy of the Commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.1.Common resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not cha
25、rged for their usage.2.This creates a negative externality.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.共有地的悲剧共有地的悲剧一个寓言，说明从整个社会的角度看为什么共有资源的使用大于合意的水平。u 当个人免费使用共有资源时，共有资源往往被过度使用。u 这就产生了负外部性。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Examples of Common R
26、esources共有资源的例子u Clean air and water 清洁空气和水u Congested roads 拥挤的道路u Fish,whales,and other wildlife 鱼类、鲸鱼和其他野生动物Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Why Isnt the Cow Extinct?为什么黄牛没有绝种？Private Ownership and the Profit Motive!私人产权和利益驱动Will the market protect me?市场保护我吗?Har
27、court,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Conclusion:Importance of Property RightsThe market fails to allocate resources efficiently when property rights are not well-established(i.e.some item of value does not have an owner with the legal authority to control it).Harcourt,Inc
28、.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.结论：产权的重要性 当没有很好地建立产权时（这就是说，某些有价值的东西并没有在法律上有权控制它的所有者），市场就不能有效地配置资源。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Conclusion:Importance of Property Rights结论：产权的重要性When the absence of property rights causes a market failure,t
29、he government can potentially solve the problem.当没有产权而引起市场失灵时，政府可以潜在地解决这个问题。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Summaryu Goods differ in whether they are excludable and whether they are rival.u A good is excludable if it is possible to prevent someone from using it.u
30、A good is rival if one persons enjoyment of the good prevents other people from enjoying the same unit of the good.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.小结u 物品的差别在于它们是否具有排他性和是否具有竞争性。u 如果排除某个人使用某种物品是可能的，这种物品就具有排他性。u 如果一个人对某种物品的享用排除了其他人享用同一物品，这种物品就具有竞争性。Harcourt,Inc.items
31、 and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Summaryu Public goods are neither rival nor excludable.u Because people are not charged for their use of public goods,they have an incentive to free ride when the good is provided privately.u Governments provide public goods,making quantity decisions
32、 based upon cost-benefit analysis.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.小结u 公共物品既无竞争性又无排他性。u 由于不能对使用公共物品的人收费，所以在私人提供这种物品时，就存在搭便车的激励。u 政府提供公共物品，以成本收益分析为基础作出供給量的决策。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Summaryu Common resources are rival but
33、not excludable.u Because people are not charged for their use of common resources,they tend to use them excessively.u Governments tend to try to limit the use of common resources.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.小结u 共有资源具有竞争性但无排他性。u 由于不能向使用共有资源的人收费，他们往往过度地使用共有资源。u 政府努力限制共有资源的使用。