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1、Book 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity(Text 1)California is the third 1_(large) state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, 2_(attract) people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live 3_ in
2、 their new home. This 4_(diverse) of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.Exactly when the first people arrived in 5_we now know as California, no one really knows. 6_, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years 7_. Scien
3、tists believe that these 8_(settle) crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America 9_ means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the 10_(arrive) of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands 11_(kill) or forced into slavery. In additio
4、n, many died from the diseases 12_(bring) by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are 13_(many) Native Americans living in California than in any other state.In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Of the first Spanish 14_(go) to California, the majo
5、rity were religious men, 15_ ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their 15_ (independent) from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war 16_ Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to
6、give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is 17_ today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had 18_ (original) gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are
7、 about 25,000 Russian-Americans living 19_ and around San Francisco.Although Chinese 20_(immigrate) began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast 21_ brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. In more recent decades,
8、 California has become home 22_more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since 23_(it) beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.People from different parts of the world, 24_(attract) by the climate and the l
9、ifestyle, still immigrate to California. It 25_(believe) that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial 26_ cultural groups, 27_ simply a mixture of many races and cultures.Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning (Text1) Cloning has always been with us and is he
10、re 1_(stay). It is a way of making 2_ exact copy of another animal or plant. 3_ happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants 4_(make) new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical 5_ sex and appearance 6_(produce) from the same original egg. The fact is that these a
11、re both examples of natural clones. Cloning has two major 7_ (use). Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial 8_ (quantity) of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research 9_ new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward 10_ cloning anim
12、als is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts 11_( clone) mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid 12_ in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works 13_ this:On the one hand, the whole scientif
13、ic world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very 14_ (encourage). Then came the disturbing news 15_ Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast 16_ to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate
14、 to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the 17_(long) of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other 18_ (species), such as cloned mice. The questions 19_ concerned all scientists were: Would this be a major difficulty for all clone
15、d animals? Would it happen forever? Could it 20_(solve) if corrections were made in their research procedure? On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of 21_(object) and had a great impact 22_ the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodys eyes 23
16、_ the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.Although at present human egg cells and embryos 24_ (need) for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote 25_ evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. 26_(religion)
17、 leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and 27_(forbid) research into human cloning, but 28_ countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provi
18、de. However, scientists still wonder 29_ cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.(Text2) The 1._(possible) of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! The 2._(popular) of films such as Jurassic Park, 3._which a scientist
19、clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea 4._(strike) a mixture of fear and excitement into peoples hearts. But in fact we are a long way 5._ being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists are still experimenting 6._cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is sti
20、ll a new science and 7._(it) story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:.From time to time people suggest that extinct animals 8._ dinosaurs, can 9possibly 9._(bring) back to life through cloning. Unfortunately, with 10._we know now, this is either impossible 11._ unsuitable. There a
21、re many reasons. The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information for how cells are to grow). All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group 12._(overcome) illnesses. Diversity in a group means 13._(have) animals with their
22、 genes 14._(arrange) in different ways. The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, 15._ others will survive and pass 16._ the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. The great drawback to 17._(clone) a group of animals is that they would all have th
23、e same arrangement of genes and so might die of the same illness. Then none of them would 18._(leave) to continue the species. It would be 19._(fair) to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo. A 20._(suit) habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life. 21._(base) on what w
24、e know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct 22._(long) than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream. Book 8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions(Text1) When I called up my mother in the co
25、untryside 1._ the telephone she was very upset. There are some snakes in our courtyard, she told me. Snakes come near the house now 2._ then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please? I 3._(feel) very proud. Here was a chance for me to
26、distinguish 4._(me) by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these 5._(live)creatures! The first thing I did was 6._(see) if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders 7._(design) to ki
27、ll snakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about 8._(research) the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the 9._(solve) easier. 10._(prepare) with some research findings, I decided 11._ three possible approaches: firstly, remov
28、ing their habitat; secondly, attracting them into a trap 12._(use) male or female perfume or food; and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be 13._(easy) caught. I decided to use the last one. I bought an ice-cream maker 14._ was made of stainless steel. Between the outsid
29、e and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when 15._(cool). I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes. The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. I placed the 16._(freeze) bowl over the snakes habitat an
30、d the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. Finally I covered the whole thing 17._ a large bucket. Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. The snakes were 18._(active) but they were still too fast for me. They abruptly disappeared 19._a convenient hole in the wall.
31、So I had to adjust my plan. For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the snakes habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool. Then as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and 20._(leave) everything overnight. Early the next morning
32、 I returned 21._(see) the result. This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very 22._(sleep). But once picked up, they tried to bite me. As they were 23._(poison) snakes, I clearly needed to improve my design again. My third attempt 24._(repeat) the second proce
33、dure. The next morning I carried 25._ my hand a small net used for catching fish. This was 26._ the expectation that the snakes would bite again. But monitored carefully, the snakes proved 27._(be) no trouble and all went according to plan. I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily
34、released them all back into the wild. 28._(press)by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get 29._(recognize) for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are 30._(true) an inventor. The c
35、riteria 31._(be) so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas 32._(accept) unless they are truly novel. Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product reallyis different from everyone elses. There are a large number of patent examiners, too, 33._ only job
36、 is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. If it passes all the tests, your application for a patent will 34._(publish) 18 months from the date you apply. So I have filled 35._ the form and filed my patent application with the Patent Office. Now its a matter 36._ waiting and hoping. Youll kn
37、ow if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! Wish me luck!(Text2) Alexander Graham Bell 1_(bear) in 1847 in Scotland, but when he was young his family moved 2_ Boston, USA. His mother was almost entirely deaf, so Alexander became interested in helping deaf people communicate 3_in deaf education.
38、This interest led him to invent 4_ microphone. He found that by 5_(press) his lips against his mothers forehead, he could make his mother understand 6_ he was saying. He believed that one should always be 7_(curiosity) and his most famous saying was: Leave the beaten track 8_ (occasion) and dive int
39、o the woods. 。Every time you do you will be certain 9_(find) something that you have never seen before. Follow it up, explore all around it, and 10_ you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind. All really big 11_(discovery) are the result of thought. It was this exp
40、loring around problems and his dynamic spirit that 12_(lead) to his most famous invention - the telephone in 1876. Bell never set out 13_(invent) the telephone and 14_ he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph. This original telegraph sent a message over distances 15_ (use) Morse code. But on
41、ly one message could go at 16_ time. Bell wanted to improve it so that it could send several messages 17_ the same time. He designed a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations 18_(hold) at the same time. 19_ he found the problem difficult to solve. One day
42、as he was experimenting 20_ one end of a straw joined to a deaf mans ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed that 21_ he spoke into the ear, the straw 22_(draw) sound waves on the glass. Suddenly he had a flash of 23_(inspire). If sound waves could 24_(reproduce) in a moving
43、25_(electricity) current, they could be sent along a wire. Finally, Bell had invented the first telephone! Bell was fully aware 26_ the importance of his invention and wrote to his father:The day is coming when telegraph wires 27_(lay) on to houses just like water or gas and friends will talk to eac
44、h other 28_ leaving home. The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later 29_ Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.The words have now become famous: Mr Watson - come here - I want to see you. Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested 30_(him) in many other areas of invention. While searching for a kite strong enough 31_ (carry) a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and discovered the tetrahedron shape. Being very stable, it has proved 32_(valuable) in the