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1、E.O. 威尔逊：如何用生物演化来解释社会行为E. O. 威尔逊为什么被称为“当代达尔文”？ 威尔逊对蚁群的经典研究如何影响了社会生物学？ 为什么在蚁群中，工蚁会承担如此利他主义的角色去照顾蚁后？ 威尔逊的社会生物学一书引发了怎样的巨大争议？ 社会生物学如何看待生物行为选择和基因的关系？ 威尔逊赞同生物决定论吗？ 道金斯自私的基因如何更激进地看待进化论中基因的地位？ “pass down”这个短语是什么意思？【完形填空】E.O. Wilson, a Pioneer of Evolutionary BiologyBy Carl Zimmer, The New York Times, Publis
2、hed Dec. 27, 2021A Harvard professor for 46 years, he was an expert on insects and explored how natural selection and other forces could influence animal behavior. He then applied his research to humans.When Dr. Wilson began his career in evolutionary biology in the 1950s, the study of animals and p
3、lants seemed to many scientists like a , hobby. biologists were getting their first glimpses of DNA, proteins and other invisible foundations of life. Dr. Wilson made it his lifes work to put evolution on an equal footing. As an expert on insects, Dr. Wilson studied the evolution of behavior, explor
4、ing how natural selection and other forces could produce something as extraordinarily complex as an ant .As Dr. Wilson was developing the theory of island biogeography, he was also investigating another deep question: How did the behaviors of different species evolve? Ants were a good place to start
5、 that question. Dr. Wilson and his colleagues studied how ants released chemicals from their to trigger other members of their colony to take on new jobs. Dr. Wilson found it hard to explain ant behavior in terms of natural selection, which alters a species as some individuals have more offspring th
6、an others. Ants are deeply cooperative so much so that a queen ants daughters are typically sterile, sacrificing their own reproductive success for hers.He found an answer , at least in the work of William Hamilton, a British graduate student. Mr. Hamilton argued that biologists needed to focus less
7、 on individual animals and more on their genes. The females in an ant colony were all the daughters of the queen. By caring for the queens offspring, they could more of the genes they shared in common.If he could explain the behavior of ants, Dr. Wilson , he ought to be able to explain the behavior
8、of other animals: , , sea gulls maybe even people. Dr. Wilson and colleagues came to refer to this project by a word that had been floating around the animal-behavior world since the 1950s: sociobiology. In 1975, Dr. Wilson published Sociobiology: The New . It would become his most controversial boo
9、k.At first, Sociobiology was with praise and attention. Later on, Dr. Wilson got in trouble for extending sociobiology to humans. In a letter to The New York Review of Books, Dr. Wilsons critics denounced sociobiology as an attempt to tired old theories of biological determinism theories, they claim
10、ed, that provided an important basis for the of sterilization laws and restrictive immigration laws by the United States between 1910 and 1930 and also for the policies which led to the establishment of gas chambers in Nazi Germany.Dr. Wilson declared that sociobiology offered no excuse for racism o
11、r sexism. He attacks against him as -righteous vigilantism. And he went on to dig even deeper into the evolution of human behavior. The legacy of Sociobiology was profound for researchers who study animals. Animal behavior today is 95 percent sociobiology, said Dr. Hrdy, who, after studying with Dr.
12、 Wilson at Harvard, went on to publish influential studies about how female behave in subtle, complex ways to increase their reproductive success. No one could have been more supportive than Wilson of this stuff, she said.Dr. Wilsons legacy for the study of human nature is an unfinished story. In th
13、e decades since Sociobiology, researchers have （）thousands of genes that have an influence on variations in human behavior. Humans share many of these genes with other species, and they influence behavior in those animals as well. Some researchers have tried to construct elaborate evolutionary accou
14、nts for how individual genes helped give rise to human nature. But again and again, many of these explanations have proved to be simplistic the point misleading. Scientists are a long way from Dr. Wilsons dream of an evolution-based account of human nature.【答案】E.O. Wilson, a Pioneer of Evolutionary
15、BiologyBy Carl Zimmer, The New York Times, Published Dec. 27, 2021A Harvard professor for 46 years, he was an expert on insects and explored how natural selection and other forces could influence animal behavior. He then applied his research to humans.When Dr. Wilson began his career in evolutionary
16、 biology in the 1950s, the study of animals and plants seemed to many scientists like a quaint, obsolete hobby. Molecular biologists were getting their first glimpses of DNA, proteins and other invisible foundations of life. Dr. Wilson made it his lifes work to put evolution on an equal footing. As
17、an expert on insects, Dr. Wilson studied the evolution of behavior, exploring how natural selection and other forces could produce something as extraordinarily complex as an ant colony.As Dr. Wilson was developing the theory of island biogeography, he was also investigating another deep question: Ho
18、w did the behaviors of different species evolve? Ants were a good place to start addressing that question. Dr. Wilson and his colleagues studied how ants released chemicals from their glands to trigger other members of their colony to take on new jobs. Dr. Wilson found it hard to explain ant behavio
19、r in terms of natural selection, which alters a species as some individuals have more offspring than others. Ants are deeply cooperative so much so that a queen ants daughters are typically sterile, sacrificing their own reproductive success for hers.He found an answer for a time, at least in the wo
20、rk of William Hamilton, a British graduate student. Mr. Hamilton argued that biologists needed to focus less on individual animals and more on their genes. The females in an ant colony were all the daughters of the queen. By caring for the queens offspring, they could pass down more of the genes the
21、y shared in common.If he could explain the behavior of ants, Dr. Wilson reasoned, he ought to be able to explain the behavior of other animals: iguanas, newts, sea gulls maybe even people. Dr. Wilson and like- minded colleagues came to refer to this project by a word that had been floating around th
22、e animal-behavior world since the 1950s: sociobiology. In 1975, Dr. Wilson published Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. It would become his most controversial book.At first, Sociobiology was showered with praise and attention. Later on, Dr. Wilson got in trouble for extending sociobiology to humans. I
23、n a letter to The New York Review of Books, Dr. Wilsons critics denounced sociobiology as an attempt to reinvigorate tired old theories of biological determinism theories, they claimed, that provided an important basis for the enactment of sterilization laws and restrictive immigration laws by the U
24、nited States between 1910 and 1930 and also for the eugenics policies which led to the establishment of gas chambers in Nazi Germany.Dr. Wilson declared that sociobiology offered no excuse for racism or sexism. He dismissed attacks against him as self-righteous vigilantism. And he went on to dig eve
25、n deeper into the evolution of human behavior. The legacy of Sociobiology was profound for researchers who study animals. Animal behavior today is 95 percent sociobiology, said Dr. Hrdy, who, after studying with Dr. Wilson at Harvard, went on to publish influential studies about how female primates
26、behave in subtle, complex ways to increase their reproductive success. No one could have been more supportive than Wilson of this stuff, she said.Dr. Wilsons legacy for the study of human nature is an unfinished story. In the decades since Sociobiology, researchers have pinpointed thousands of genes
27、 that have an influence on variations in human behavior. Humans share many of these genes with other species, and they influence behavior in those animals as well. Some researchers have tried to construct elaborate evolutionary accounts for how individual genes helped give rise to human nature. But
28、again and again, many of these explanations have proved to be simplistic to the point of misleading. Scientists are a long way from Dr. Wilsons dream of an evolution-based account of human nature.quaint /kwent/ adj. 奇特的，别致的；尤指古色古香的 unusual and attractive, especially in an old-fashioned way e.g. quai
29、nt old customs 稀奇古老的习俗obsolete /bslit/ adj. 淘汰的，废弃的，过时的 no longer used because sth. new has been invented e.g. With technological changes many traditional skillshave become obsolete. 随着技术的革新，许多传统技艺已被淘汰。for a time（或长或短的）一段时间 a period of time, either long or short, during which you dosth or sth happen
30、s e.g. I lived in Egypt for a time. 我在埃及住过一阵子。pass down 使世代相传，流传 to give or teach sth. to your children or people younger than you, who will then give or teach it to those who live after them, and so onreason (reasoned) /rizn/ v. 推理，推论，推断molecular (Molecular) /mlekjl(r)/ adj（.的；分子构成的 of, relating to
31、, or consisting of molecules与）分子（有关） to form a judgement about a situation by considering thefacts and using your power to think in a logical way e.g. She reasoned that she must have left her bag on the e.g. molecular structure/biology 分子结构 / 生物学put sth./sb. on an equal footing (put evolution on an
32、equal footing) 同等对待 in the same state or condition as other people or things e.g. The new law puts women on an equal legal footingwith men. 新的法律把妇女放在和男人平等的法律地位上。colony /klni/ n.（同地生长的植物或动物）群体，集落， 群 a group of plants or animals that live together or grow inthe same place e.g. ant colony 蚁群address (ad
33、dressing) /dres/ v. 设法解决，处理，对付 to think about a problem or a situation and decide how youare going to deal with it e.g. Your essay does not address the real issues. 你的论文没有论证实质问题。gland (glands) /lnd/ n. 腺 an organ of the body which produces a substance that thebody needs, such as hormones, sweat, or
34、salivasterile /steral/ adj. 无生殖能力的，不育的 a person or animal that is sterile cannot produce babies e.g. Radiotherapy has left her permanently sterile. 放射疗法造成她终身不育。 sterilization /sterlazen/ n. 绝育train. 她断定她准是把包落在火车上了。iguana (iguanas) /wn/ n. 鬣鳞蜥，鬣蜥一种大型热带美洲蜥蜴 a large tropical American lizardnewt (newts)
35、 /njut/ n. 蝾螈（水陆两栖） a small animal with short legs, a long tail and cold blood, that lives both in water and on land (= is an amphibian)like-minded adj. 趣味相投的，想法一致的 having similar interests and opinions e.g. a chance to meet like-minded people 结识志趣相投者的机会synthesis (Synthesis) /snss/ n. 综合，结合，综合体 a mi
36、xture or combination of ideas, beliefs, styles, etc. e.g. the synthesis of art with everyday life 艺术与日常生活的结合shower (showered) /a(r)/ v. 大量地给 to give someone a lot of things e.g. He showered her with gifts. 他送给她许多礼物。reinvigorate /rinvret/ v. 给 增添精力（或力量）； 使再振作 to give new energy or strength to sth./sb
37、. e.g. We need to reinvigorate the economy of the area. 我们需要给这个地区的经济注入新的活力。enactment /nktmnt/ n.（法律、法案、法令的）制定， 通过，颁布；法律；法规 the process of a law becoming officialeugenics /judenks/ n. 优生学，人种改良学含贬义 the study of methods to improve the mental and physical abilities of the human race by choosing who shou
38、ld become parents used to show disapprovaldismiss (dismissed) /dsms/ v. 不予考虑，摒弃，对 不屑一提 to decide that sb./sth. is not important and not worththinking or talking about e.g. I think we can safely dismiss their objections. 我认为我们对他们的异议完全可以不予理会。self-righteous adj. 自以为是的，以正人君子自居的含贬义 proudly sure that your
39、 beliefs, attitudes, and morals are good and right, in a way that annoys other people used to show disapproval e.g. Shes a vegetarian, but shes not at all self-righteousabout it. 她是个素食者，但她并不以此来标榜自己。vigilantism /vdlntzm/ n. 私自执法 the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforcethe laws vigila
40、nte /vdlnti/ n. 民间护法者，义务警察（指因认为警方办事不力而私自非法惩治罪犯、试图防止犯罪的人） someone who illegally punishes criminals and tries to prevent crime, usually because they think the police are not doing this effectivelyprimate (primates) /pramet/ n. 灵长类，灵长目动物 any animal that belongs to the group of mammals thatincludes huma
41、ns, apes and monkeyspinpoint (pinpointed) /pnpnt/ v. 准确解释（或说明） to be able to give the exact reason for sth. or to describesth. exactly e.g. The report pinpointed the areas most in need of help.报告精确说明了亟待援助的地区。simplistic /smplstk/ adj. 过分简单化的 treating difficult subjects in a way that is too simple e.g
42、. simplistic solutions 过分简单的处理方法to the point of 达到某种程度，近乎 to a degree that can be described as sth. e.g. He was rude to the point of being aggressive. 他粗鲁到蛮不讲理的地步。1. 根据英文释义写出文中出现的对应单词或词组 : to give new energy or strength to sth./sb. : no longer used because sth. new has been invented2. 一词多义Which of t
43、he following underlined words is closest in meaning to the one in the sentence At first,Sociobiology was showered with praise and attention.? A. She showered and dressed and went downstairs.B. The ship was showered with hot ash from the volcano.C. Hundreds of leaflets were showered over the town.D.
44、She had no children and showered her love on her three nieces.3. 翻译：根据给定中文回译英文通过照顾蚁后的后代，它们可以使其更多共有的基因世代相传。答案：爱德华奥斯本威尔逊（Edward Osborne Wilson）爱德华威尔逊（1929 年 6 月 10 日 - 2021 年 12 月 26 日）出生于阿拉巴马州，是美国著名的生物学家、博物学家和作家，曾两度获得普利策奖。他专长于研究关于蚂蚁的生态学，绰号“蚁人”。在他的自传博物学家（Naturalist）中提到，他从小就对自然社会感兴趣。7 岁时，威尔逊因一次钓鱼事故，导致右
45、眼几乎失明。虽然他失去了立体视觉， 但仍然可以看到小昆虫身上的毛发，为他日后专注于昆虫研究奠定基础。1950 年，威尔逊在阿拉巴马大学获得了生物学学士和硕士学位。次年，他便进入哈佛大学深造；1955 年，获得了博士学位。自 1956 年起，威尔逊便在哈佛任教，期间撰写了 430 多篇论文。在其职业生涯中，他开创了两个新科目岛屿生物地理学（islandbiogeography）和社会生物学（sociobiology），运用生物学机制来解释人类行为。因 其对进化论的开创性研究，威尔逊也被称为“达尔文的自然继承人”。1972 年， 威尔逊开始与贝尔特荷尔多布勒（Bert Hlldobler）合作研究
46、蚂蚁，两人合著了一本专著蚂蚁（The Ants）。威尔逊认为，所有的社会行为都可以从社会生物学视角、以群居昆虫的行为模式为基础，加以阐释。该书荣获 1991 年度非小说类普利策奖。基于对蚂蚁生物学与社会结构的研究，威尔逊于 1975 年出版了社会生物学：新的综合（Sociobiology: The New Synthesis）；1978 年出版了 论人性（On Human Nature），阐明了生物学在人类文明进化中的作用。威尔逊于 1992 年出版了生命的多样性（The Diversity of Life），该书通过论证了大量事例，向公众介绍生物多样性的重要性。在 2002 年正式退休后，他继续从事写作和研究工作，同时还积极倡导保护地球生物多样性。威尔逊和埃尔利希（Ehrlich）在 2016 年共同创立了“半个地球项目”（the Half-Earth Project）认为保护半个地球将为保护大部分的物种多样性提供足够的栖息地。参考资料：维基百科；The Harvard Crimson学科网（北京）股份有限公司