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1、Symposium on Environmental Changes and Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources,(Oct.2122,2011,Shijiazhuang,China)Agricultural water saving studies for a sustainable water management in the North China Plain(NCP)Changming LiuAgricultural Resources Research Center,CASKey Lab,IGSNRR,CAS,Water Science C
2、ollege BNU 培训专用Outline p Major features of NCPs water resourcesp Main Water issues:rapid social-economic development and climate changep Agricultural water-saving:the highlightsp Discussions of some ideas of water-savingp Agricultural water-saving:Policy&Countermeasures培训专用p MajorfeaturesofNCPswater
3、resourcesAnnual precipitation in mmAverage annual precipitation from 1951 to 2008 The NCP:in the semi-arid&semi-humid region.Annual precipitation around 350 and 800 mm The monsoon season(June to September)contributes more than 80%of annual rainfall 培训专用MajorfeaturesofNCPswaterresourcesPotential evap
4、otrnspiration in mmAnnual Potential evapotrnspiration in the NCP is high varies between 796 and 1257 mm resulting in much water loss Average annual Potential evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2008 培训专用p Major features of NCPs water resourcesAridity indexThearidityindexvariesfrom1.0to3.2.Itsin the clima
5、te transition zone.培训专用pMajorfeaturesofChinaswaterresourcesAnnual evapotraspiratiom in mmAverage annual evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2008 calculated by the Budyko hypothesis.培训专用pMajorfeaturesofChinaswaterresourcesAnnual runoff in mmSharp decline river flows into the sea培训专用Per Capita water amount
6、 pMajor features of Chinas water resources培训专用 Water Consumption to avalaible water resources in%in ChinaAfter Dr Shao Yisheng，Ministry of ConstructionWater use/water availability in%培训专用pMajorfeaturesofNCPswaterresourcesSummary NCP is the most water shortage area in China as per capita water 300 m3
7、 only.Total water withdrawal:37 km3/a(2009)exceeding available waterOverdrawing groundwater has resulted in aquifer water depletion as a water crisis Agricultural water use about 25.3 km3/a(2009),making up about 68.5%of total withdrawal Water-saving is very crucial 培训专用Attribution:Water stress from
8、rapid development:Current GDP growth is speeding up incuding NCP regionpMain Water issues:Rapid development 培训专用Water stress from increased water demand:increased water consumption per capita.pMain Water issues:Rapid development PopulationdensityofChina(Xuetal.)The NCP has a population of about 0.15
9、 billion,accounting for 12%of Chinas total population.The daily water consumption per capita has been increasing from less than 0.03 m3 in 1959,to more than 0.10 m3 in 1995,and to more than 0.20 m3 in 2000 培训专用Attribution:Water stress from increased water demand.Irrigation demand approached a limit.
10、pMain Water issues:Rapid development Irrigated area in NCP from 1949 to 2008培训专用Attribution:Climate change impact as warming uppMain Water issues:Climate change lTemperatureincrease:1.1forlast50yearsinChinaasanaveragelTemperature in theNCPincrease about1.7 from 1960 to 2010.Increase in temperature f
11、rom 1951 to 1999(Wang et al.)TemperatureinnorthernChinaincreasedmoreseriousthanthatinsouthernChina培训专用Attribution:impact of precipitation declinepMain Water issues:Climate change Observedchangeinannualprecipitationfrom1960to2009by753nationalstationsAnnual precipitation anomalies in the NCP from 1955
12、 to 2009.The The average annual precipitation during was 567.9 mm from 1955 to 1979,while that was 503.5 mm from 1980 to 2009,decreased about 11.4%.培训专用Attribution:Increase in drought frequency pMain Water issues:Climate change 培训专用In20102011,60yearsrecorddroughthitNorthernChinaThe distribution of D
13、rought in the spring of 2011Wheat seedings that have withered in NCPConsecutive82dayswithoutraininBeijing,the longest period without precipitation in 60 years培训专用ThirstyDry landscape培训专用SharplyincreasedwaterconsumptionintheNCPleadtothedramaticdecreaseinstreamflowintotheBohaiseainlasthalfcentury.Annu
14、alstreamflow intotheseadecreaseddramatically,from16.10km3in1960sto1.62km3duringtheyears2000to2008,decreasedabout90%.The streamflow into Bohai sea in the last half century培训专用GroundwaterdepletionintheregionsoftheUS,Europe,ChinaandIndiaandtheMiddleEastfortheyear2000(mma1).-Wadaetal.,2010,GeophysicalRe
15、searchLetters.Groundwater depletion-a worldwide issueThe NCP is one of the four regions which have serious issues of groundwater depletionNCP培训专用Groundwateroverdraft:severinNCPThe North China Plain is the major consumer of groundwater,accounting for 44%of the whole countrys groundwater use.The annua
16、l groundwater use for China was about 105.6 billion m3,among which 92.21 billion m3(87.3%)was consumed by northern China.The North China Plain has become one of the most overexploited regions in the world Annualgroundwaterwithdrawalaveragedfrom1997to2008inChina(datacomefromtheChineseMinistryofWaterR
17、esources)pMain Water issues:Groundwater depletion 培训专用Ground fissure resulting from overdraft of groundwater in the North China Plain(in Hebei province）培训专用The depth to groundwater was 11.06 meters in 1978,and has been subsequently reduced to 36.12 meters in 2009,with an average annual decline rate
18、of 0.81 meters Long-term(theyearfrom1972to2009)dataofgroundwaterlevelhasbeenrecordedattheLuanchengNationalStation(locatedintheNorthChinaPlain),amemberofGlobalTerrestrialObservationSystem(observeddatacomefromChineseAcademyofSciences)groundwaterlevelfluctuatedwithirrigationseasonGroundwater level desc
19、eningObserved at Luancheng station培训专用Summary:to save groundwater in the NCP is very urgent 培训专用p Agricultural water-saving:A highlight培训专用Water-saving is core of rational water managementTo adapt to climate change To realize highest potential use of available waterTo increase water economy with hig
20、h benefitTo control blind development of regional water resources and promote water demand management To maintain eco-environment against degradation To foster participation management institutions培训专用Water-saving”Killing Many Birds With One Stone”！Water saving is the best for adaptation to climate
21、change impact on water resources 培训专用p Discussions of some ideas of water-saving:1.Field water cycle/five water interactions 2.interface control of water fluxes3.agricultural water-saving system 培训专用+11098765432FivewaterinteractionTransformationofhydro-statesAAirPlantSoilAquiferSurfacePVRGS1.Field w
22、ater cycle/five water interactions 培训专用Acouplingsubsystemofwaterinteraction(交换的系统耦合交换的系统耦合)m:Elements=hydro-state number or sub-system numbern:combination=number of coupling subsystemsm(n=2),matrix:培训专用n=2,combination=10:(1)P-R(降雨径流降雨径流)；(2)P-S(有效降水有效降水)；(3)P-G(地下水降水补给地下水降水补给)；(4)P-V(植物截留降水植物截留降水)；(
23、5)R-S(土壤水对径流影响土壤水对径流影响)(6)R-G(地表水地下水关系地表水地下水关系)(7)S-G(渗漏与地下水上升渗漏与地下水上升)；(8)R-V(径流过程的初损径流过程的初损)(9)G-V(植物利用地下水植物利用地下水)；(10)G-V(根系吸水根系吸水)。培训专用n=3，combination=10：(1)P-R-S(考虑前期土壤水的降水径流关系，考虑前期土壤水的降水径流关系，API模型模型)；(2)P-R-G(三水转化三水转化)；(3)P-R-V(降水径流的初损降水径流的初损)；(4)P-S-G(降水入渗补给地下水降水入渗补给地下水)；(5)S-V-P(水在土壤水在土壤-植物植
24、物-大气系统中的传输或大气系统中的传输或SAPC系统系统)；(6)G-V-P(地下水地下水-植物植物-大气系统，地下水垂直排泄大气系统，地下水垂直排泄)；(7)G-S-P(三水转化三水转化)；(8)G-V-R(地下水与地表水关系的植物影响地下水与地表水关系的植物影响)；(9)V-S-G(植物对土壤水与地下水的影响植物对土壤水与地下水的影响)；(10)V-S-R(植物对土壤入渗与径流的影响植物对土壤入渗与径流的影响)。培训专用 n=4，combination=5：(1)P-R-S-G(四水转化四水转化)；(2)P-R-S-V(植物与土壤对降水径流影响植物与土壤对降水径流影响)；(3)V-R-S-
25、G(植物对三水转化的影响植物对三水转化的影响)；(4)V-P-R-G(植物对降水径流与地下水的影响植物对降水径流与地下水的影响)；(5)G-S-V-P(考虑地下水影响的考虑地下水影响的SAPC系统系统)。n=5，combination=1：P-V-R-S-G(五水转化五水转化),waterinteractionoffivesub-systems(fivehydro-states)。培训专用2.interface control of water fluxes IGBP-BAHC,1997培训专用Expanded“SPAC”Basic equation:Boundaries:Air and aq
26、uifer To couple air water and groundwater 培训专用IA=0.4Ym+0.4WUE+0.1(Rs+Tr)+0.1DIDetectingphysiologicalandecologicalindexsynthesisYm:grainyieldWUE:wateruseefficiencyRs:stomaresistanceTr:transpirationrateDI:droughtindex培训专用SoilWaterAtmos.Water&EnergyTransferAtmosphereRadiationPARReflectiveradiationDirec
27、tradiationWindspeedTemperature,humidityDifferenceofTaandRHPrecipitationVegetationInterceptionAlbedoBiomassLAISpatialdistr.ofleavesVegetationheightLeafwaterpotentialStomatalconductanceRootRootwaterpotentialRootsemi-diameterRootlengthandweightDistributionofrootsRootdepthSoilRootwaterpotentialSoilheatf
28、luxWaterinfiltrationSoilevaporationPhysicalcharactersSoilwatercharactersSoilwatercontentSoilmatrixGroundwater EvapotranspirationntionEvaporationTranspirationRootwateruptakemovementnWatermovementEnergychangeandtensionforwatertransferGroundwaterrechargeVariationofgroundwaterComplexitySystemsATMCROPSoi
29、lG.WG-SPAC培训专用RunoffInfiltrationLateral FlowSoil Layer 1Soil Layer nEvaporationTranspirationInterceptionOverstoreyUnderstoreyTranspirationGround SurfaceSoil moistureETseepageWater balance+GroundwaterRstemRrootRleafAtmosphereSPAC systemVarieties heredityReducewaterlossIrrigationvarieties(Air-leaf)mul
30、ching(Air-soil)Uptaking(Soil-root)+DecreasetheexploitationprecipitationThrough-fullinterfacecontrol培训专用IA=0.4Ym+0.4WUE+0.1(Rs+Tr)+0.1DI 综合分值 品种 最高产量 WUE 蒸腾强度 气孔阻力 叶水势 抗旱系数 加权平均 占 最大 位次 6203 93.10 93.37 92.09 91.64 100.00 92.52 93.79 96.60 3 6172 100.00 96.12 88.26 91.92 99.38 92.51 94.70 97.54 2 莱32
31、79 79.60 98.58 84.20 100.00 91.91 100.00 92.38 95.15 5 4185 93.10 93.37 89.06 81.78 88.33 92.69 89.72 92.41 7 6365 99.43 100.00 100.00 98.44 92.44 92.22 97.09 100.00 1 烟优361 94.11 92.43 92.08 85.31 96.95 92.92 92.30 95.07 6 9905 93.68 94.89 89.60 83.65 96.36 97.36 92.59 95.37 4 Measurementsofphysolo
32、gicalindexesofvariousvarietiesforwatersavingoptios培训专用Leaf-Atmosphereinterfacecontroln Different varieties have WUE differences from 15%to 20%，from which a water saving variety gene can be selected for controlling higher transpiration.n Wheat：4185、6365、Shixin733 n Corn：Zhengdan958，Laiyu2，Yedan20 培训专
33、用Root-Soilinterfacecontrol60%65%70%65%55%Soilwaterindex0.14960.20610.36450.1116SensitiveindexMatureGrain-fillingSpinningStem-elongationSeedlingGrowingstageSummer maizeSummer maize50%60%60%65%55%60%Soilwaterindex-0.0870.10160.27210.3145-0.12130.0712SensitiveindexMatureGrain-fillingAnathesisStem-elong
34、ationRecoveragePre-dormancyGrowingstageWinterwheatWinterwheatTo adopt lower limit index by limited irrigation培训专用EffectsofstrawmulchingonsoilevaporationSummer maizeWinter wheatWheatstrawmulchingcandecreasesoilevaporation40-50mm；Summermaizestrawmulcingcandecreasesoilevaporation39.7mm.Soil-Atmosphere
35、interface control培训专用培训专用培训专用培训专用3.agricultural water-saving system Water-saving agriculture is a complex system involving agronomic and hydraulic engineering techniques in the integrated management of water,soil and crop resources.Only when water-saving agriculture is considered as an integrated sy
36、stem can comprehensive water-saving measures be properly evaluated and applied.pDiscussions of some ideas of water-saving:培训专用Agriculture Water-saving systemsRational exploitation and utilization of water resourcesIrrigation engineering and techniquesAgronomic water-saving practicesWater-saving mana
37、gement measuresAgriculture Water-saving System complexFour sub-systems context 3.agricultural water-saving system 培训专用Rational exploitation and utilization of water resourcesEffective use of precipitationFive-water interaction mechanismsUtilization of low quality waterRainwaterharvestingsystemRain-f
38、edagricultureSoilwaterreservoirestablishmentFive-waterinteractionsystemInterfaceprocessesUtilizationofbrackishwaterSewageutilizationaltercreatingConjunctivewell&canalirrigationEfficient water source subsystem for agriculture培训专用Water-savingagronomicmeasuresWater-matchedproductionBiologicalwatersavin
39、gtechnologyWater-savingirrigationschemeWater-matchedagriculturalstructureWater-matchedplantingWatersavingbiologicalbasisSoilmoistureconservancyFertilizerapplicationLimitedirrigationWatersavingbreedingRegulateddeficitirrigationControlledalternativeirrigationMulchingtechniqueTillagemeasureAgronomic me
40、asures subsystem 培训专用Water-saving engineering and technical measurerWaters conveyance worksWater-saving irrigation techniquesAssociatiedcanalsystemsLinedcanal(cleekproof)WaterconveyedthroughlowpressurepipeWaterconveyedthroughsurfacepipe DripirrigationSprinklerirrigationSeepingirrigationRationalsurfa
41、ceBorderirrigationwithsmallplotsIrrigationonthefilmIntermittentirrigationDitchirrigation(fineflow)Alternativeditchirrigationengineering and technical measures subsystem 培训专用Water-saving management subsystemInstitutions规章制度与节水法规组织机构管理政策OperationTech-economyEco-environment多种经营综合作用水量调控、调度量水设施监测农田生态平衡水源
42、保护（水量、水质）工程维护、改建配水计划自动化控制技术经济核算水价与水费制度节水措施推广应用人员编制Managt.PolicyOrg.departmentPersonnelLegislationWater fee/priceTech popularise economic accountingdiversified economyAuto.control Water allocationWater measuringMaintaining struc.Water regulating Monitoring protectionEnvironment Ecology 培训专用Achievemen
43、ts obtained by system integration at Luancheng Station in NCP Water-saving system integration demonstrated a highest benefit as integration of agronomic and irrigation tech.:lWater-saving quantity:1500 m3/ha.lGrain yield:winter wheat+corn=15 t/ha.lEarning increase:1500 RMB/ha.培训专用p Agricultural wate
44、r-saving:Policy&Countermeasures培训专用Major understandingAgricultural water-saving is of great significance to ensure food security for China with its largest sized population of worlds 22%.We will be facing a great challenge to meet 1.5 billion population in about 30 years to come.培训专用Majorunderstandi
45、ng1.Food security is subject to water supply;2.Agriculture uses the most amount water&dominant consumer;3.Agriculture can use all-kind of water,including“green and blue waters”and recycling water and unconventional water as well;培训专用Majorunderstanding4.Water saving is complex systems&needs multidisc
46、iplinary technologies;5.Water saving has great potential;6.Agriculture widely uses all-kind of water,including“green and blue waters”and recycling water as well;培训专用Majorunderstanding7.To resolve water shortage problem,biotech has a prosperity advantages:(1)high reliability for water saving;(2)high
47、efficiency;(3)high capability (4)high applicability and (5)low cost compared with water diversions;培训专用Strategic measures:1.To manage water resources is an extremely important issue.There is a pressing need to move away from the past practices of unplanned irrigation-infrastructure and move towards
48、consideration of water governance for water renew-ability.培训专用Strategic measures:2.To deepen scientific knowledge and transfer the water-saving techniques to farmers more widely;3.To improve Water-Using Efficiency(WUE for grain yield)is a main target;4.To establish marketing mechanisms for water-sav
49、ing agriculture and to promote the industrialization in water-saving facilities;培训专用Strategic measures:5.To enhance and to work out integration of agronomic and engineering measures(or engineering&non-engineering)to form water-saving agriculture systems;.培训专用Strategic measures:6.To raise awareness o
50、f the importance of water-saving through improved training and education of farmers7.To enhance rural environment protection to achieve harmonious development8.To constitute a water-saving mould society培训专用Research developmentlGreen water managementlSoil water reservoir lWater footprintlVirtual Wate