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1、Ol-A.What Is a Decision?什么是决策？A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.决策就是从现成的行动方案中做出选择。The purpose of making a decision is to establish andachieve organizational goals and objectives.它旨在确立并实现组织机构的目标及指标。Thereason for making a decision is that a problem
2、 exists,goals or objectives are wrong,or somethingis standing in the way of accomplishing them.之所以要决策，是因为有问题存在，目标或指标错误，或有某种东西妨碍了它们的实现。Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.因此，决策过程对于管理至关重要。Almost everything a manager does involves decisions,indeed,some suggest that themanageme
3、nt process is decision making.管理者所做的一。切儿乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。Although managers cannot predict the future,many of theirdecisions require that they consider possible future events.管理者虽然不能预测未来，但很多决策要求他们考虑未来可能发生的情况。Often managers must make a best guess at what thefuture will be and try to leave as
4、 little as possible to chance,but since uncertainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.通常，他们必须对未来事态做出最佳猜测，使偶然情况尽可能少地发生，不过，由于未知情况总是存在，风险与决策则往往相伴。Sometimes the consequencesof a poor decision are slight;at other times they are serious.有时,决策的疏漏不会造成严重的后果，但有时候，后果则不堪设想。Choice is the opportunity to
5、select among alternatives.选择就是从不同选项中进行取舍。If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made,没有选择就没有决策。Decision making isthe process of choosing,and many decisions have a broad range of choice.决策制定就是选择的过程，而且许多决策有着很广的选择范围。For example,a student may be able to choose amonga number of different course
6、s in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.彳 列如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，就有可能从多门课程中进行选择。For managers,every decision has constraints based on policies,procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.对于管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。These constraintsexistat all levels of the organization.这些制约存在于一个
7、组织的方方面面。Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.选项就是可供选择的种种行动方案。If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,nodecision.没有选项，就没有选择，当然也谈不上决策。If no alternatives are seen,often it meansthat a thorough job of examining the problems has not been don
8、e.如果看不至U 任何选项，通常表明对问题尚未进行全面的分析研究。For example,managers sometimes treat problems in aneither/or fashion;this is their way of simplifying complex problems.例如，管理者看待问题，有时采取两者择一（非此即彼）的方式，把复杂的问题简单化。But the tendency to simplifyblinds them to other alternatives.这种倾向使他们很难看到某些选项。At the managerial level,decisio
9、n making includes limiting alternatives as well asidentifying them,and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在管理层次上，帘 ij定决策包括识别选项及缩小选项范围两个方面，这个范围可以从极为狭窄到近乎无限不等。Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best-that is,which contributes the mo
10、st to the achievement of organizational goals.决策者必须掌握某种方法判定其中的最佳选项，也就是说，哪个选项对实现组织目标最为有利。Anorganizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.组织目标指该组织要努力完成或达到的目的或情形。Because individuals(and organizations)frequently havedifferent ideas about how to attain the goals,the
11、best choice may depend on who makes thedecision.由于个人(和组织)对实现目标的方式常常见解不一，最佳选择可能就取决于决策者了。Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good forthem individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.有时，一个组织的下属机构做出的决策有利于自己的个体利益，但对上一级部门来说，却并非最佳选择。Cal
12、ledsuboptimization,this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function butdecreases the advantages to another unit or function.这种增加局部机构的利益，同时减少其他机构的利益，在不能两全情况下做出的取舍，即所谓的局部最优化。For example,themarketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget.例如，市场经理为增力口广
13、告预算，可能讲得头头是道。In the larger scheme of things,however,increased fundingfor research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.然而，从全局方案来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对整个组织有更多好处。These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attainsimultaneously.这种权衡利弊进行取
14、舍的做法之所以存在，是因为一个组织想要同时达到的目 标 彳 艮 多 o Some of these objectives are more important than others,but the order and degree ofimportance often vary from person to person and from department to department.有些目标虽然相比之下更加重要，但其重要性及紧迫性往往因人因部门而各不相同。Different managersdefine the same problem in different terms.不同的管理
15、者对同问题有着不同的看法。Whenpresented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,production managerssee production problems,and so on.当他们面对一件日常事例时，销售经理趋向于看销售问题，生产经理着眼于生产问题，如此等等。The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in part,on the values ofthe decision maker.一个组织多种目标
16、的紧迫性与重要性部分地取决于决策者的价值观念。Such values are personal;they are hard to understand,even by the individual,because they are sodynamic and complex.这种价值具有个人色彩，而且复杂多变，他们自己甚至也因此难以捉摸。In many business situations different peoples values about acceptable degrees of risk andprofitability cause disagreement about th
17、e correctness of decisions.在很多商业场合，对于风险与收益，不同的人有不同的接受标准，这使他们对决策正确与否也看法各异。People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.人们常常认为决策是 个孤立现象。But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes,and decisions haveintended and unintended consequences.但从系统的观点看，问题的产生有多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也
18、有意料之外的结果。An organization is an ongoing entity,and a decision madetoday may have consequences far into the future.一个组织是一个在发展中的实体，今天所做的决策可能在很远的将来才会有结果。Thus the skilled manager looks toward the futureconsequences of current decisions.因此，老练的管理者决策时总是放眼未来。01-B.Secrets of Success at an Interview 面试成功的秘诀The
19、 subject of todays talk is interviews我们今天谈的主题是面试。The key words here are preparation and confidence,which will carry you far.有两条秘诀会让你获益匪浅：一是准备，二是信心。Do your homework first.首先要做好面试前的准备工作。Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope towork for.要尽可能多地了解自己所申请的这份工作以
20、及自己想去的这家单位的情况。Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.我所采访过的许多雇主都对应聘者做了同样的批评They have no idea what the day to day work of the jobbrings about.应聘者对申请岗位上的日常工作有什么意义（会带来什么结果）一无所知。Theyhave vague notions of furthering the companys prospects,or of serving the community1,bu
21、thave never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.“他们空具“改进公司的前景”或“为公司服务”的迷糊概念，却从来不下功夫去了解他们将被要求去做的实际工作。Do not let this be said of you.不要让这种是发生在自己身上 It shows an unattractiveindifference to your employer and to your job.它表明你对雇主和工作毫不在意，当然你也不会讨人家喜欢。Take the time to pu
22、t yourself into the interviewees place.花些时间设身处地地替面试官想一想。He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interestin the job.他所需要的是踏实能干、性格随和开朗、对工作确有热情的人。Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantageduring the interview to show that
23、 you have bothered to master some facts about the people whoyou hope to work fo匚你所了解到的关于这位新雇主的情况，都可以在面试中为你所用，它表明你为了效力于意中的新雇主已经下了番功夫，熟悉了其中的一些工作。Write down(and remember)the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s)so that you arenot speechless when they invite your questions.把想要询问的问题写下来(并记在心里)。这样，当
24、面试官让你发问时，就不至于无话可说。Make sure that holidays and pay are not the firstthings you ask about.切记不要一上去就询问假日及薪水问题。If all your questions have beenanswered during the interview,reply:nIn fact,I did have several questions,but you have alreadyanswered them all.”自己的所有问题得到解答后，你要说“我刚才确实有些问题，但您已经全部解答过了。”Do not be a
25、fraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interviewif you want to be sure what was implied,but do be polite.你若要确信面试中对方话中的隐含之意，想请对方说明，不要畏缩，但定要有礼貌。Just before you go to the interview,look again at the original advertisement that youanswered,any correspondence from your
26、prospective employer,photocopies of your letter ofapplication or application form and your resume.前去面试之前，要把这家单位的招聘广告原文、对方的回信、自己的求职信或申请表以及个人简历的复印件再看一遍。Then you will remember what you said and what they want.这样，你会记起自己曾说过什么，对方要求什么条件。This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short ti
27、meas it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.如果你短时间内应聘过许多工作，这一点尤为重要，因为你很容易把它们相互混淆，而且个人留下效率不佳的印象。Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview.要清楚自己的面试时间、地点。Go to the building(but not inside the office)a day or two before,if necessary,tofind out h
28、ow long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.若有必要，提前 两天去看一下安排面试的楼房(但不要走进面试间)，弄清楚路上花多少时间，面试地点的确切位置。Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview,then you will have a littletime in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed.要争取提前五至十分钟到达面试地点，这样，你手头还有一点时间，不至于因迟到而惶恐不安。Y
29、ou start at a disadvantage if youarrive worried and ten minutes late.若是慌慌张张赶去面试，或者迟到了十分钟，一开始你就处于不利的境地。Dress in clean,neat,conservative clothes.Now is NOT the time to experiment with thepunk look or(girls)to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.着装要干净、利落、保 守 些。现在绝不是你一身朋克打扮、随便一试的时候，也不是女孩子上衣领口大开、下身超短裙装束
30、的时候。Make sure that your shoes,hands and hair(and teeth)are clean and neat.此外，鞋子、双手头发也要整洁。Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty incommunication.要带上约你前去的面试的信函，以免出现交流方面的问题。You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel.面试官也许只有一个，也许是几人专门小组。T
31、he latter is far more intimidating,but do not let it worry you too much.后者自然更令人担惊害怕，但不要因此过分怯场。The interviewer will probably have a table in front ofhim/her.Do not put your由ings or arms on it.面试官和你之间很可能摆放着一张桌子，但你可不能把自己的东西或手臂放在上面。If you have a bag or a case,put it on the floor beside your chair.Do not
32、 clutch it nervouslyor,worse still,drop it,spilling everything.你若带有提包或提箱，就放在你桌椅旁边的地上，不要极不自然地紧抓不放，更不要把包扔到地上，将里边的东西撒得满地都是。Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first.若对方先仰手过来，要跟人家握手。There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking handswith you in
33、turn.若是五个人的面试小组，逐个更你握手的可能性微乎其微。So you do not beupset if no one offers.所以，即使没有人与你握手，你也不必难过。Shake hands firmly-a weak hand suggests a weak personality,and a crushing grip isobviously painful.握手时要有力度软弱无力让人感觉你意志薄弱，当然用力过大会让人疼痛不已。Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to sh
34、ow you donot like the other person.不要刚握手就马上松开，那样会让人觉得你对他没有好感。Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy.Think before you answer anyquestions.谈吐要礼貌、自然，即便你很害羞。回答每个问题都要三思而后行。If you cannot understand,ask:Would you mind rephrasing the question,please?你若是听不懂，就问一下“麻烦您再解释一下刚才的问题好吗？The question
35、 will then be repeated indifferent words.这样，面试官就会换换字眼把问题重复一遍。If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot,ask:When may I expect tohear the results of this interview?”对方若是即未明确接受你，乂未明确表示回绝，你就问“请问我什么时候能知道面试结果？”If you do receive a letter offering you the job,you must reply by letter(kee
36、p a photocopy)as soon as possible.你若是真的收到了让你前去工作的信件，你切记要尽快写封回信(要保留复印件)。Good luck!祝大家好运！02-A.Black Holes 黑洞What is a black hole?什么是黑洞 Well,its difficult to answer this question,since theterms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.说起来，回答这个问题并不容易，因为我们通常用来描述某个科学现象
37、的术语在这里并不合适。Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space(not a thing)into whichmatter has fallen and from which nothing can escape-not even light.在天文学家和科学家看来，黑洞是一个空间区域(而不是某个东西)，物质掉落其中，而且都无从逃逸一甚至连光也是如此。So we cant see a black hole,所以我们看不到黑洞。A black hole exerts a stronggravita
38、tional pull and yet it has no matter.黑洞产生很强的引力，但它却没有物质存在。It isonly space-or so we think.它只是一个空间-抑或说我们认为它是个空间。How can thishappen?那它是怎样产生的呢？The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;theycollapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.从理论论来说，当某些恒星的密度增大到某种程度时就会发生
39、爆炸，爆炸使它们崩溃，有时会产生超新星。From earth,a supernova looks likea very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.从地球上看，颗超新星看上去像是天空中的一盏明灯，甚至在白天也闪闪发光。Supernova were reported by astronomers inthe seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.超新星是由十七、十八世纪的天文学家发现的。somepeople think that the Star of Bethlehem c
40、ould have been a supernova.有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star-a star,whosematter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.一 颗超新星的崩溃可能会产生白矮星或中子星，其物资的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持续收缩。But if the star is very large(much bigger than our
41、 sun)this process of shrinking may be so intensethat a black hole results.但是，假如这颗恒星非常大(比我们的太阳大得多)，那么，这种收缩的过程可能会非常强烈，其结果导致了黑洞的产生。Imagine the earth reduced to the size ofa marble,but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull,and you have some ideaof the force of a black hole.想像一下地球收
42、缩小到有弹球那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸力，你就会对黑洞的力量有某种概念。Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.靠近黑洞的任何物质都会被吸入,It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.根本说不出黑洞里究竟发生了什么 Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the eventhorizon.科学家把黑洞的边缘区域称为“事 界 We know nothing about events which
43、happenonce object s pass this boundary.对物质通过这个界线时发生的情况我们一无所知。But intheory,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.从理论上来说，黑洞里面物质的表现一定是不大相同的。For example,if a man fell into a black hole,he would think that he reached the center of itvery quickly.例如，假如一个人落人黑洞，他可能会认为自己很快就会到达黑洞的中心。However an o
44、bserver at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.然而，位于“事界”上的观察者则认为这个人永远不会到达黑洞的中心。Our space and timelaws dont seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.我们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。Einsteins relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.爱因斯
45、垣的相对论是惟一解释这种现象的理论。Einstein claimed that matter and energy areinterchangeable,so that there is no absolute time and space.爱因斯坦宣称物质和能量是互换的，因此不存在“绝对的”时间和空间。There are no constants at all,and measurements of timeand space depend on the position of the observer.They are relative.根本没有不变的事物，时间和空间的衡量取决于观察者的位
46、置，是相对的。We do not yet fully understand the implicationsof the relativity theory;but it is interesting that Einsteins theory provided a basis for the idea ofblack holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.我们还没有能完全理解相对论的蕴涵。但有趣的是爱因斯坦的相对论为黑洞的假说提供了理论基础，早于天文学家找到黑洞存在的证据。It i
47、s only recently that astronomers have begun specificresearch into black holes.天文学家只是在最近才开始对黑洞作具体的研究。In August 1977,asatellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be inthe Milky Way.1977年 8 月，人类发射了一颗卫星收集有关被认为处于银河系中的1000万个黑洞的信息。And astronomers are planning
48、 a new observatory to study the individualexploding stars believed to be black holes.而且天文学家正在设讶一 座新天文台，用来研究被认为是黑洞的爆炸恒星。The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.有关黑洞的最有说服力的证据来自对双星系的研究。Binary stars,as their name suggests,aretwin stars whose position in s
49、pace affects each other.双星，顾名思义，就是彼此之间的空间位置相互影响的成双恒星。In some binary systems,astronomers have shown that there is aninvisible companion star,a partner1 1 to the one which we can see in the sky.天文学家已证实在某些双子星座里有一颗隐匿的伴星，即我们从天空上能看到的某颗星的“伙伴”。Matter fromthe one which we can see is being pulled towards the
50、companion star.Could this invisible star,which exerts such a great force,be a black hole?我们能看见的那颗星被其伴星所吸弓I,难道产生这么大吸引力的隐匿的恒星就是黑洞？Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too,which might have black holes as companions.天文学家也还有另外几颗恒星的证据，这几颗恒星也可能有黑洞作伴。The story of black holes is just beginning.Spec