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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2000第一段Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scien
2、tists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It al
3、so means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the
4、structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily d
5、ependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.第二段73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still fu
6、rther innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization - with all th
7、e far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed - was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents seriou
8、s problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements - themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are bec
9、oming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.2000一、核心词汇注释act on *1.按行动，奉行 例：act on principles 根据原则办事 2.对起作用，影响 例：The music acted stirringly on the emotions of the audience. 音乐使观众情绪激动。build up 1.吹捧，赞扬，宣传 例：You have
10、 to build kids upmake them feel important. 你必须表扬孩子让他们觉得自己重要。 2.使（某人）逐步恢复体力（尤指病后） 例：Build your mother up with nourishing food. 让你母亲吃点营养食品好逐步恢复体力。 *3.（使）增加，（使）增强，（使）扩大 例：build up ones confidence/huge stockpiles of arms 增强信心/大量增加武器贮备compel vt. *1.强迫，迫使某人做某事 例：reports that children were compelled to par
11、ticipate in bizarre rituals 关于孩子们被迫参加古怪仪式的报道 2.激起，使产生（某种感情、态度） 例：His courage compels universal admiration. 他的勇气不禁令人肃然起敬。raten. C *1.速度，速率 例：Children learn at different rates.儿童学东西有快有慢。 2.the number of times sth happens or the number of examples of sth within a certain period比率，率，数量 例：birth/unemploym
12、ent/crime rate 出生/失业/离婚率（人数） 3.费用，价格 例：The sports centre has reduced rates for students. 运动中心对学生实行优惠。vt. 1.对作评估，评价 例：She is generally rated as one of the best modern poet.她被公认为最杰出的现代诗人之一。 2.值得，应得：They rate a big thankyou for all their hard work.他们的辛勤工作值得好好感谢。3.给（影片）定级vi. 被认为，被评价为（后跟介词as） 例：Becker ra
13、tes as one of the finest players of his generation.贝克尔被认为是他那一代人当中最优秀的运动员之一。step sth up*1.使增加，使上升，使加快 例：step up ones pace/their social position 加快步伐/提高他们的社会地位 2.晋升，获得提升 例：You are going to be stepped up to manager. 你将被提升为经理。unexploited a. 未被利用的，未经开发的；exploit v. 剥削，榨取；利用，开发，开采wastagen. 耗费（量），损耗（量），（尤指）
14、浪费；waste v. 浪费，滥用；（疾病）使消瘦、虚弱 n. 浪费；废料，废弃物 a. 废弃的，无用的；盛装或运送废物的二、文章结构分析本文从两个方面论述了现代政府在实施职能方面越来越依靠各个科学领域中的专家人才。一是政府依赖经济学、运筹学等领域的专家来干预经济，促进经济发展，从而增加人们的福利。二是由于人们产生新的需要、人口增长给改革增添了新的压力，从而使政府更加依赖生物学家和社会学家的决策。2000年的翻译试题与往年相比较容易，考生的得分普遍较高。主要因为以下几个原因：（1）句子结构不太复杂，语法修饰关系比较清晰；（2）难理解的词汇少；（3）文章的背景知识简单，不造成理解障碍。具体而言，
15、该部分主要考查了以下几点：逻辑词的翻译来体现句子内部逻辑；it is obvious that结构；被动语态、时态的翻译；多个因果分句的译法；带破折号的句子的译法；状语从句的译法。但是尽管本年翻译难度不大，依然有考生由于基础差的原因得分很低。因此考生在备考时，要着重从词汇和语法方面下手，加强基本功的练习。三、试题具体解析（31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as eco
16、nomists and operational research experts. 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑词的翻译。正确率：55%句子结构 该句为简单句，其主干是：this requires varying measures and hence the help。谓语require带了两个宾语 measures 和the help。本句的难点是hence的译法，它在句中是承上启下起连接作用的逻辑词，表明上半句内容“这需要程度不同的集中控制措施”导致了后半句话的内容“需要获得专家的协助”，即前因后果关系。因此Hence可译为“从而，从此”。词义确定 varying意为“不同的”；operati
17、onal research experts直译是“研究操作过程的科学家”，用术语翻译就是“运筹学专家”。标准译文 在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。（32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of sc
18、ientists and technologists of all kinds. 本题考核的知识点是：it is obvious that结构，代词指代，逻辑词的翻译。正确率：65%句子结构 该句子由两个并列的主语从句构成，其主干是 it is obvious that., and that.。it为形式主语，真正主语是两个由and连接的that引导的从句。it is obvious that.经常译作“很显然”或“显而易见”。第二个that从句中的代词this指代第一个分句中的efficiency of its agriculture and industry（工农业的高效率），在翻译的时候
19、应点明一下；in turn的英文释义为as a result of something，它表达的是一种递进关系，因此注意不能把两个从句只译成平行关系的句子，如：“两件事情很明显：一是，二是”。词义确定 bound up with的意为“与密切相关”；in turn 意为“又，依次，转而”；rest upon意为to depend upon（依靠）。标准译文 再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。（33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, peo
20、ple everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.本题考核的知识点是：被动语态、时态的翻译、多个因果分句的译法。正确率：59%句子结构 该句为复合句，其主干是people are feeling wants.and are being exposed to，其中含有两个并列的
21、现在进行时态的谓语动词，英语中的现在进行时除了表示现在正在进行的动作之外，还可以表示一段时间内正在进行的动作，可用“不断”来表示这层意思。句首介词短语owing to.（由于）引导表原因的状语；主句后面while也引导伴随状语。翻译时关键要弄清三个分句的逻辑关系，即第一分句“大众通讯的显著发展”表原因，第二分句“人们不断感到有新的需求”是结果，而第三分句“政府推出更多的革新”则是上面两分句引起的结果。由于有两套因果关系，为避免两次出现“由于”，原因状语owing to.结构可译成“使，造成了”。词义确定 mass communication指报纸、电视、电台等具有广泛影响的大众传媒或通讯；wa
22、nt做名词，意为“缺乏，需要”；be exposed to是被动语态，基本意思是“被暴露于”，可灵活译成“接触到”；introduce 在句中和innovations搭配，应译作“实施，采取”，而不是“介绍、宣传”；further虽可表示距离，但修饰“改革”时表示“更进一步，更多的”； for the reasons given above意为“由于上述的原因”。标准译文 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。（34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe th
23、e process of industrializationwith all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.本题考核的知识点是：带破折号的句子的译法。正确率：62%句子结构 该句为复合句，其主干是：the process.was spread., whereas.。句子中出现了两
24、个破折号，英语中的破折号大致相当于汉语中的括号，起一个补充的作用。理解的时候可以先把破折号中的部分略去不看，以便加强对此句的整体印象。翻译的时候看破折号之间的内容是否与前后联系紧密，才能够决定译文中用不用破折号。第一个破折号后with介宾结构表示伴随，可以译成“随之而来的”；其中紧跟在social patterns后的定语从句that followed修饰的是changes，而不是social patterns，因此far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed应该译成“随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革”。whereas表示转折，使前
25、后形成对比，可以译作“而、可是”；the same process 是指前面的the process of industrialization（工业化进程）。词义确定 far-reaching指“深远，深刻，广泛的”，spread over意为“延续，持续”，undergo意为“经历，完成”，or so意为“左右”。标准译文 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。(35) Additional social stresses may also occur because of t
26、he population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.本题考核的知识点是：破折号的作用、additional的译法和状语从句的译法。正确率：63%句子结构 该句子的主干是 social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems，because of 介词短语做原因状
27、语。由于中文一般先说原因后说结果，因此翻译时可以把主句放在后面。arising from.修饰problems，意为“从而起的问题”或“由于而造成的问题”。破折号后themselves和过去分词made relatively easy一起是一个独立主格结构，起补充说明的作用，themselves指代前面的mass migration movements（大量的人口流动）。词义确定 social stresses指“社会压力”；occur意为“发生”；mass在这里指“大量的”。标准译文 由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。四、参
28、考译文世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设，即，本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富。（31）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。（32）再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门，以便提高生产率，确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。例如，政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改变教育结构，或进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费，开发尚未利用的资源；或者在日益增多的跨国科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。
29、无论如何，一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才。（33）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。与此同时，与过去相比，世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快。例如，（34）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。这一切带来的后果就是，在社会内部营造了异乎寻常的压力和紧张气氛，从而给有关政府带来了严重问题需要处理。（35）由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社
30、会造成新的压力。目前，以上所有这些因素产生的后果就是，各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付诸实施，越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会学家。2001In less than 30 years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the fil
31、m Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,
32、 relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BTs futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progr
33、ess in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest development
34、s will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate fe
35、eling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ul
36、timately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will b
37、e perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to disti
38、nguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder - kitchen rage.2001一、试题总体分析这篇文章主要展望了科学技术给人类未来生活可能带来的各种变化，未来学家对科学突破性进展日期的预测，以及某些技术进步可能带来的社问题。2001年度翻译试题难
39、度适中，考点涉及了词义确定、非谓语结构以及从句的翻译。就此，考生可以总结出，词义确定和句子结构是翻译必考的项目。词义确定要求考生根据上下文和搭配的要求，确定某个特定词在本句中的意思以及翻译后选择的汉语表达，而这个意思往往不是考生在平时记忆的单词词义，可能是某个偏僻的词义、引伸义，甚至在该上下文中才有的、没有在词典中确定下来的意思。因此特别提醒考生不要字对字地翻译，而要在上下文中确定具体单词的意思，正如一句话说得好：“There is no meaning except in the context.”（只有在上下文中才有词义）。二、试题具体解析（41）There will be televis
40、ion chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.解析 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句的翻译、过去分词做定语、词义确定。句子的主干是there be 句型的将来时，译成“将会出现，将有”。hosted by robots是过去分词作后置定语修饰chat shows，由于不太长，翻译时可以前置做定语。pollution monitors（污染监控器）后面接的定语从句that will disable.offend并不是起修饰限定作用，翻译
41、时不能把它前置做定语，此从句实际是说 pollution monitors 的功能，译时可独立成句。定语从句中包含一个when 引导的时间状语从句。词汇：chat shows即是近年来在我国也广为流行的电视谈话节目；host做名词为“（男）主持人”，做动词是“主持”；offend本意是“冒犯，侵犯”，在这里根据上下文，意思应当是“违规”，进而可译为（汽车）“污染超标”；disable的意思也应当根据上下文确定为“使（汽车）无法运转”。译文：届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。（42）Children will pla
42、y with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.解析 本题考核的知识点是：意译、介词结构作后置定语、rather than的译法。整个句子实际上由四个分句并列组成，由逗号和and 连接，但是最后一句从意思上看实际是一
43、句总结性的话。第一分句中，equipped with personality chips是过去分词做定语修饰dolls；第二句是一个被动语态，其中主要结构为be regarded as rather than ，意思为“被看作是而不是”，该句中with in-built personalities这一介词结构作computers的后置定语；第三句如果直译成“休闲将在气味电视机前面”不太贴切，尤其作为书面语不合适，考生可以加入“休闲”这一动作的发出者，将该句译成：人们将在气味电视机前休闲，或译成：休闲将在气味电视机前面进行；第四句中，考生需要注意时态为将来完成时。词汇：computers后的wi
44、th结构是“带有、具有”的意思；in-built意为“内在的，内置的”，rather than表示否定，此结构翻译题中就已经数次出现。译文：儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就要来到了。（43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dat
45、es when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.解析 本题考核的知识点是：多重复合句的译法。该句子是复杂的复合句，其结构可以分三层。第一层是句子主语是Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers to ，不定式引导目的状语，第二层在目的状语中，宾语calendar后有that引导的定语从句，第三层结构为that引导的定语从句中，宾语the latest dates后又有一个when引导的定语从句，注
46、意不要误以为时状语从句。这样的三层复合结构形成了环环相套的定语从句链，关键在于考生需要把这个链条打断，也就是进行断句，考生可以在that处断句。词汇：piece together意为“汇集”；the latest dates意为“最近的日期”；key breakthroughs意为“重大突破”。译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。（44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will
47、 be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. ”解析 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。Pearson points out属插入语成分，主句为主表结构that is the start，它实际上也是point out 的宾语内容。主语that 是代词，指前两句中提到的电脑与人之间连接的突破。引号中的是Pearson所说的话。it 指代紧跟它的integrati
48、on（一体化）。that will ultimately.century是修饰the process of integration 的定语从句，由于定语太长，不适宜在中文中做前置定语，只能另起一句，用重复先行词的办法，或把定语从句译作并列句。译文：皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”（45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkitchen rage. 解析 本题考核的知识点是：so that结构、词义确定。这个句子的主干是home appliances will become so.that.，“so that ”结构的意思是“如此以至”。that 后接的是结果状语从句，从句的主语是controlling and operating them；them指的是主语home appl