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1、2022年湖南公共英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.How do the scie ntists me asure the pitchA.According to the movement and vibrations of hot gassesB.The trade winds blow on EarthC.The riversD.The sound travel through the
2、space2.In this se ction you wi 11 he ar e ve rything O NGE O NLY.Liste n care ful lyand the n answe r the que stions that fol low.Mark the corre ct answe r toe ach que stion on your coloure d answe r she e t.3.The dark smoke that come s out of stacks or from a burning dump containstiny bits of solid
3、 or liquid matte r.The smoke also contains many gase s,most of which cannot be se e n.Altoge the r,the y make up the se riousproble ms of air pollution.In so many place s it ke e ps us from se e ing thesunf irritate s our e ye s,cause s us to cough,and make s us ill.Airpollution can spre ad from cit
4、y to city.It e ve n spre ads from one countryto anothe r.Some northe rn Europe an countrie s have had black snow”frompo11utants that have trave le d through the air from othe r countrie s andhave fa 11e n with the snow.So air pollution is re al ly a global proble m.Air pollution can ki 11 babie s,ol
5、de r pe opIe ,and those who havere spiratory（呼吸道的）dise ase s.In London,in 1952,four thousand pe opledie d in one we e k as a re sult of a se rious ai r-pol lution e p i sode.In 1948,in the smal I town of Donora,P e nnsylvania,twe nty pe opIe die d in afour-day pe riod of bad air pollution.At I e ve
6、I s ofte n found in citie s,air pollution incre ase s the risks of ce rtain lung dise ase s,such ase mphyse ma,bronchitis,and asthma.O f course,smoking and othe r factorshe I p to cause the se i I Ine sse s,too,but the se case s have incre ase d gre atlyduring re ce nt ye ars as air pollution has be
7、 come worse.Air pollution cancause both airplane and auto accide nts be cause it cuts down visibility.The re are othe r possible he alth dange rs from air pollution that we don1t know much about.For e xample,scie ntists are trying to f ind out whe the rche micals that re ach us from the air may caus
8、e change s in our ce lls.The se change s might cause babie s to be born with se rious birth de fe cts.Scie ntists are trying to le arn how al I the many che micals we are apt totake into our bodie s from air,wate r,food,and e ve n me dicine s acttoge the r to affe ct our he a I th and the way our bo
9、d i e s work.That is anothe rre ason why it is so important to be gin to control pollution now inste adof waiting unti I we le arn al I the answe rs.Air pollution costs us a lotof mone y.It soi Is and corrode s our bui Idings.It damage s farm crops andfore sts.It has a de structive e ffe ct on our w
10、orks of art.The cost ofal I this damage to our gove rnme nt is astronomical.It would be much moreworthwhi Ie,both for us and for the e nvironme nt,to spe nd our tax dol larson air pollution control.The author me ntions pe opIe dying of air pollution in.A.IllinoisB.PennsylvaniaC.New JerseyD.Washingto
11、n4.5.By now,it shouId come as no surprise whe n scie ntists discove r ye tanothe r case of e xpe rie nce changing the brain.From the se nsoryi nformat i on we absorb to the move me nts we make,our I i ve s I e ave footpr i ntson the bumps and fissure s of our corte x,so much so that e xpe rie nce s
12、canalte r hard-wire d”brain structure s.Through re hab,stroke patie nts cancoax a re gion of the motor corte x on the opposite side of the damage dre gion to pinch-hit,re storing lost mobiIity;volunte e rs who arebIindfoIde d for just five days can re program the ir visual corte x toproce ss sound a
13、nd touch.Still,scie ntists have be e n surprise d at howde e ply culture-the Ianguage we spe ak,the value s we absorb-shape s thebrain,and are re thinking findings de rive d from studie s of We ste rne rs.To take one re ce nt e xamp I e,a re g i on be h i nd the fore he ad calle d the me d ia Ipre f
14、rontal corte x suppose d Iy re pre se nts the se lf:it is act i ve whe n we(we be ing the Ame ricans in the study)think of our own ide ntity andtraits.But with Chine se volunte e rs,the re sults we re strikinglydiffe re nt.The Mme circuit humme d not only whe n the y thought whe the ra particular ad
15、je ctive de scribe d the mse Ive s,but also whe n the yconside re d whe the r it de scribe d the ir mothe r.The We ste rne rs showe d nosuch ove rlap be twe e n se lf and mom.De pe nding whe the r one I ive s in aculture that vie ws the se lf as autonomous and unique or as conne cte d toand part of
16、a large r who I e,this ne ural circuit take s on quite diffe re ntfunctions.Cultural ne uroscie nce,as this ne w fie ld is cal le d,isabout discove ring such diffe re nce s.Some of the findings,as with theMme/momw circuit,buttre ss Iongstanding notions of cuIturaI diffe re nce s.For instance,it is a
17、 cultural cl ich6 that We ste rne rs focus on indi viduaIobje cts while East Asians pay atte ntion to conte xt and background(anothe r man i fe stat i on of the i nd i v i duaIi sm-co11e ct i v i sm split).Suree nough,whe n shown comp I e x,busy sce ne s,Asian-Ame r icans and non-As i an Ame ricans
18、re cruite d diffe re nt brain re gions.The Asians showe d moreact i vity in are as that proce ss f i gure-ground re I at i ons-ho I i st i c conte xt while the Ame ricans showe d more activity in re gions that re cognizeob je cts.P sycho Iog i st Nalini Ambady of Tufts found some th i ng similarwhe
19、n she and co 11 e ague s showe d drawings of pe opIe in a submissive pose(he ad down,shoulde rs hunche d)or a dominant one (arms crosse d,faceforward)to Japane se and Ame ricans.The brain s dopamine-fue Ie d re wardcircuit be came most active at the sight of the stance-dominant forAme ricans,submiss
20、ive for Japane se-that e ach volunte e r1 s culture mostvalue s,the y re porte d in 2009.This raise s an obvious chicke n-and-e ggque stion.Cultural ne uroscie nce wouldn,t be making wave s if it foundne urobio Iogical base s only for we I I-known cultural diffe re nce s.It isalso uncove ring the un
21、e xpe cte d.For instance,a 2006 study found thatnative Chine se spe ake rs use a diffe re nt re gion of the brain to do simplearithme tic(3+4)or de cide which numbe r is large r than native Englishspe ake rs do,e ve n though both use Arabic nume rals.The Chine se use thecircuits that proce ss visual
22、 and spat i a I i nf ormat i on and plan move me nts(the latte r may be re late d to the use of the abacus).But Engl ish spe ake rsuse Ianguage circuits.It is as if the We st Conce ive s numbe rs as justwords,but the East imbue s the m with symbol icf spatial fre ight.M0ne wouldthink that ne ural pr
23、oce sse s invoIving basic mathe maticaI computationsare unive rsal,M says Ambady,but the y Mse e m to be culture-spe cific.Not to be the skunk at this party,but I think it s important to askwhe the r ne uroscie nce re ve als anything more than we alre ady know from,sayf anthropology.For instance,it1
24、 s we l I known that East Asian cuIture sprize the co 11e ct i ve ove r the i nd i v i duaIf and that Ame ricans do theopposite.Ambady thinks cultural ne uroscie nce doe s advanceunde rstanding.Take the me/mom f inding,whichr she argue s,atte sts tothe stre ngth of the ove r Iap be twe e n se lf and
25、 pe opIe close to you inco 11 e ct i v i st i c culture s and the se paration in i nd i v i dua I istic culture s.It is important to push the analysis to the le ve l of the brain.”Espe c i a I Iy whe n it shows how fundame nta I cultural diffe re nce s are-sofundame nta If pe rhaps,that unive rsalM
26、not i ons such as human r i ghts,de mocracy,and the I ike may be no such thing.We can know from the first paragraph that.A.the assumption that human experience can change human brain structurehas already been widely provedB.human experience can change brain structureC.stroke patients can restore mob
27、ility by themselvesD.people blindfolded for several days can still have visual ability6.Announce r:He llo and we lcome to today’s show,Liuda’sGarde n.Today,we’11 be inte rvie wing Linda on he r amazingte chnique s at growing a square -foot garde n.Mike:Good morning and myname is Mi
28、ker and I have a spe cial gue st today,Linda.Linda,you trulyhave an amazing garde n.Gould you le t us know how you’re kind ofputting this toge the rLinda:We ll,thank you,Mike.I have trie d variousatte mpts at garde ning and with diffe re nt,urn,de gre e s of succe ss.Thisspring I took a square
29、 一 foot garde ning class,and I de cide d to try someof the things l’ve le arne d.Urn,one of the most important thingsin square -foot garde ning is that you choose a good Iocation.You ne e dat le ast 6 to 8 hours of dire ct sunshine.Urn,you also ne e d to choosea Iocation that has good drainage
30、,and it shouId be a conve nie nt Iocation.A garde n is a lot more fun if you are walking by and se e ing it al I thetime.Urn,you ne e d to de cide what kind of containe rs you want,or,inmy e ase,I use d boxe s,umy woode n boxe s,and the n I divide d the m up intoone -foot square s.And the n just de
31、cide d what I wante d to plant,and base don what the final plant would look like,I had 1 pe r square,or maybe3 pe r,um,3 or 4 pe r square,12 pe r square.Mike:We ll,Linda,l’mfl’m.truly amaze d at kind of the archite cture of this garde n.I’ve notice d the se ve rtical be ams.I&rsquo
32、;ve ne ve r se e n thatbe fore.Cou Id you e xp lain that to us a I i tt I e b i tL i nda:We ll,for e xamp I e,right he re we have some,umf cantaIoupe,and cantaIoupe take a lot ofspace whe n you grow the m out on the ground,and I don’t have thatmuch space,and so,l’ve just grow the m up.Ju
33、st grow the mve rtically.I’ve just made,um,a me tal frame,and take n somestrings,I just allow the m to grow up,and the y wi 11 support the mse lve s,the cantaIoupe will.And al I kinds of diffe re nt vine s you can do thiswith.Mike:This is truly amazing.I notice d this garde n,a vast amountof v
34、e ge tat i on.Can you e xp lain to me what you have growing in thisgarde nLinda:We i I ove r on the far e nd,I have tomatoe s growing ve rtical ly.In front of those I have,urn,gre e n pe ppe rs,basiIf strawbe rrie s,uhvbe e ts,umy gre e n be ans,corn,carrots,al I kinds of diffe re nt ve ge table sI
35、ike that.Right he re,as I said be fore,I haver urn,cantaIoupe.Downat the bottom,I have some Me x i can tomatoe s calle d tomati 11 os.And downat th i s e nd,I have e gg p I ant,anothe r k i nd of pe ppe r calle d banana pe ppe rs,urn,cucumbe rs,okra,pumpkins.and think that&r squo;s about it.Mike:We
36、ll,Linda,this is truly amazing.I’m so impre sse d,and I knowout vie we rs wiI I be impre sse d about this,this,this e xce I I e nt garde n.Just truly amazing.I’d I ike to thank you ve ry much for having usin today to look at your garde n Thank you,Mike.In a fe w minute s,vie we rs,we wi
37、11 le t you se e the e ntire garde n,and maybe Linda wi 11 kindof show you around.So,we thank you ve ry much for be ing with us today,and our spe ci a I gue st,Linda.Have a nice day.What is the main be ne fit of de ve loping a square -foot garde n().A.You can grow vegetabIes vertically.B.You can rai
38、se plants in a confined area.C.You can plant a wide variety of plants together.D.You can make a lot of profit.7.We should-when we want to glimpse inside the sun.A.answer questions about its temperatureB.translate the sounds into imagesC.know how gases inside ebb and flowD.measure the pitch8.The dark
39、 smoke that comes out of stacks or from a burning dump containstiny bits of solid or liquid matter.The smoke also contains many gases,most of which cannot be seen.Altogether,they make up the serious problemsof air pollution.In so many places it keeps us from seeing the sun,irritates our eyes,causes
40、us to cough,and makes us ill.Air pollutioncan spread from city to city.It even spreads from one country to another.Some northern European countries have had black snow from pollutantsthat have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallenwith the snow.So air pollution is really a glo
41、bal problem.Air pollutioncan kill babies,older people,and those who have respiratory（呼吸道的）diseases.In London,in 195 2,four thousand people died in one weekas a result of a serious air-pollution episode.In 1948,in the small townof Donora,Pennsylvania,twenty people died in a four-day period of badair
42、pollution.At levels often found in cities,air pollution increasesthe risks of certain lung diseases,such as emphysema,bronchitis,andasthma.Of course,smoking and other factors help to cause these illnesses,too,but these cases have increased greatly during recent years as airpollution has become worse
43、.Air pollution can cause both airplane and autoaccidents because it cuts down visibility.There are other possible healthdangers from air pollution that we don t know much about.F or example,scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us fromthe air may cause changes in our cells.T
44、hese changes might cause babiesto be born with serious birth defects.Scientists are trying to learn howall the many chemicals we are apt to take into our bodies from air,water,food,and even medicines act together to affect our health and the wayour bodies work.That is another reason why it is so imp
45、ortant to beginto control pollution now instead of waiting until we learn all the answers.Air pollution costs us a lot of money.It soils and corrodes our buildings.It damages farm crops and forests.It has a destructive effect on our worksof art.The cost of all this damage to our government is astron
46、omical.It would be much more worthwhile,both for us and for the environment,to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control.Air pollution causes airplane accidents because.A.pi Iots become iI IB.v is ib ility is reducedC.engines fa il.D.the a ir is too hot9.Joseph Machiis says that the blues is a
47、native American musical and verseform,with no direct European and African antecedents of which we know.In other words,it is a blending of both traditions.Something specialand entirely different from either of its parent traditions.(AlthoughAlan Lomax cites some examples of very similar songs having
48、been foundin Northwest Africa,particularly among the Wolof and Watusi)The word blue,has been associated with the idea of melancholia or depression sincethe Elizabethan era.The American writer,Washington Irving is creditedwith coining the term,the blues,J as it is now defined,in 1807.Theearlier(almos
49、t entirely Negro)history of the blues musical traditionis traced through oral tradition as far back as the 1860s.When Africanand European music first began to merge to create what eventually becamethe blues,the slaves sang songs filled with words telling of their extremesuffering and privation.One o
50、f the many responses to their oppressiveenvironment resulted in the field holler.The field holler gave rise tothe spiritual,and the blues,rnotable among all human works of art fortheir profound despair.They gave voice to the mood of alienation andanomie that prevailed in the construction camps of th