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1、20172017年中国人民大学英语语言学真题年中国人民大学英语语言学真题.Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and theactual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances)as1and2 .The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the memberso
2、f a speech community,and the latter is the concrete manifestation oflanguage either through speech or through writing.1.答案：答案：langue2.答案：答案：parole3grammars attempt to tell what is in the language,while4grammars tell people what should be in the language.Most contemporarylinguists believe that whatev
3、er occurs naturally in the language should bedescribed.3.答案：答案：descriptive4.答案：答案：prescriptive5studies how the speech sounds are made,transmitted,and received,and6studies the rules governing the structure,distribution andsequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.5.答案：答案：phonetics6.答案：答案
4、：phonology7.Words which have different meanings but are written differently andsound alike are called.答案：答案：homophones8.One of the important distinctions in linguistics isand performance.答案：答案：competenceThere are two fields of morphology:the study of9and the study of10 .9.答案：答案：inflectional10.答案：答案：
5、lexical/derivationalThe world is like a stage is an example of11,and All the world is astage is an example of12 .They are often used in analyzing features ofliterary language.11.答案：答案：simile12.答案：答案：metaphor13studies meaning in language,14is about principles of formingand understanding correct Engli
6、sh sentences,and15is concerned withthe internal organization of words.They are all among the main branches oflinguistics.13.答案：答案：semantics14.答案：答案：syntax15.答案：答案：morphology16is the study of the language-processing mechanisms.It is concernedwith the storage,comprehension,production and acquisition o
7、f language;17,on the other hand,attempts to show the relationship betweenlanguage and society.They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.16.答案：答案：psycholinguistics17.答案：答案：sociolinguistics18.The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature iscalled.It focuses on the study of lin
8、guistic features related to literarystyle.答案：答案：stylistics19.Children frequently say tooths and mouses,instead of teeth and mice.These are examples of.答案：答案：overgeneralization20is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word isformed by joining the initial part of one word and the fi
9、nal part of anotherword.For example,the English word smog is made from21and22 .20.答案：答案：blending21.答案：答案：smoke22.答案：答案：fog.Give brief definitions of the following terms.1.Phoneme答案：答案：Phoneme.It refers to the abstract element of sound,identified asbeing distinctive in a particular language.For examp
10、le,in English,/p/isdescribed as a phoneme.2.CALL答案：答案：CALL.It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning,which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a secondor foreign language.In this kind of CALL programs,the computer leads thestudent through a learning tas
11、k step-by-step,asking questions to checkcomprehension.Depending on the students response,the computer givesthe student further practice or progresses to new material.3.IC analysis答案：答案：IC analysis.IC analysis(immediate constituent analysis)refers to theanalysis of a sentence in terms of its immediat
12、e constituentsword groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents oftheir own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents arereached.In practice,for the sake of convenience,we usually stop at the levelof word.4.Linguistic relativity答案：答案：Linguistic relativi
13、ty.This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorfhypothesis.It states that similarity between languages is relative.The greatertheir structural differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization ofthe world is.For example,not every language has the same set of words forthe colors;in Spanish there
14、 is no word that corresponds to the Englishmeaning of blue.5.Silent period答案：答案：Silent period.It refers to a period in the initial phase of the languageacquisition process,during which children acquiring a new language innatural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension.And they mayrespon
15、d,if necessary,only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set ofmemorized phrases.This phenomenon is also observed when we see howchildren acquire their mother tongue.6.Gradable antonym答案：答案：Gradable antonym.Gradable antonyms are antonyms that aregradable because there are often intermediate for
16、ms between the twomembers of a pair.For example,cold and warm constitute a pair of gradableantonyms.Give Short answers to the following questions:1.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly buttend to imply them,and
17、 according to Grice,they seem to observe willinglyor unwillingly certain principle,which is called cooperative principle:Makeyour conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which itoccurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in whichyou are engaged.Under thi
18、s principle,there are four maxims,namely,Quantity,Quality,Relation,and Manner.2.How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention;itis the act performed in saying something.Thus,if someone says Morning,we can
19、 ask questions like What did he mean?and the answer could be Heoffered a greeting.A perlocutionary act,however,is the effect of the utterance.By tellingsomebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer onsomething,or mislead him,or surprise him,or induce him to do something,and so
20、on.Therefore,the perlocutionary act of the saying Morning couldbe to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3.Why did Chomsky make the distinction between Deep and Surfacestructures?答案：答案：In generative grammar,deep structure is the abstract syntacticrepresentation of a sentence,the underlying level
21、 of structural organizationwhich specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should beinterpreted.On the other hand,surface structure is the final stage in thesyntactic representation of a sentence,which provides the input to thephonological component of the grammar,and which thus most
22、closelycorresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky,it is necessary to make the distinction,since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as John is easyto please and John is eager to please,and also to disambiguate structureslike the shooting
23、of the hunters.More importantly,it reflects two of thestages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar:the deep structure,which is an underlying structure,has to be transformedto the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmati
24、cs?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use.It is mainly about howspeakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with agiven context.It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicatedby a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a listener(or reader).It has moreto do w
25、ith participants of communication and context in whichcommunication takes place.Hence the study of speakers meaning,that ofcontextual meaning,of what is unsaid but communicated.5.For the system of transitivity,Halliday identified six kinds of process,eachwith different types of participants.List fou
26、r of the processes and commenton the effectiveness of such classification.答案：答案：For the system of transitivity,Halliday has identified six kinds ofprocess,and four of them are material process,relational process,behavioralprocess,and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the syst
27、emic-functional approachof grammar interpretation.The classification of the system of transitivityhelps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause;it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideational function.These sixtypes of process have divided up the semantic sys
28、tem of ideational function,by showing the various ways of language to react on the material worldaround us,and make sense of their experience of what goes on aroundthem and inside them,or in other words,to perform the ideational function.Answer the following questions,citing examples to support your
29、 ideas.1.What are the seven functions of human language?答案：答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin,language has at least seven functions,and they are illustrated as follows:1)Informative function.It means that language is the instrument ofthought and language serves an informational function when used to tells
30、omething.It is also called ideational function in the framework of functionalgrammar.The declarative sentences such as This is a book.are the typicalillustration of this function.2)Interpersonal function.The interpersonal function means people canuse language to establish and maintain their status i
31、n a society.It is the mostimportant sociological use of language.In the framework of functionalgrammar,this function is concerned with interaction between the addresserand addressee in the discourse situation and the addressers attitude towardwhat he speaks or writes about.For example,the ways in wh
32、ich peopleaddress others and refer to themselves(such as Dear Sir,Dear Professor,Johnny,yours,your obedient servant)indicate the various grades ofinterpersonal relations.3)Performative function.The performative function of language isprimarily to change the social status of persons,as in marriage ce
33、remonies,the sentencing of criminals,the blessing of children,the naming of a ship ata launching ceremony,and the cursing of enemies.The kind of languageemployed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and evenritualized.The performative function can extend to the control of reality ason
34、 some magical or religious occasions.For example,in Chinese whensomeone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likelyto say sui sui ping an(every year be safe and happy)as a means ofcontrolling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4)Emotive function.The e
35、motive function is one of the most powerfuluses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status ofan audience for or against someone or something.It is a means of gettingrid of the nervous energy when people are under stress,for example,swearwords,obscenities,involuntary verbal
36、 reactions to beautiful art or scenery,conventional words/phrases:God,My,Damn it,Wow,Ugh,Ow,etc.5)Phatic communion.The phatic communion refers to the socialinteraction of language.People always use some small,seeminglymeaningless expressions such as Good morning,God bless you,Nice day,etc.,to mainta
37、in a comfortable relationship between people without anyfactual content.6)Recreational function.The recreational function means people uselanguage for the sheer joy of using it,such as a babys babbling or achanters chanting.7)Metalingual function.The metalingual function refers to the fact thatpeopl
38、e can use language to talk about itself.For example,I can use the wordbook to talk about a book,and I can also use the expression the wordbook to talk about the sign b-o-o-k itself.2.What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes,namely,broadening,na
39、rrowing,and meaning shift.Class shift and folk etymologyalso contribute to change in meaning.(1)BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from itsoriginally specific sense to a relatively general one.For instance,the wordholiday used to mean holy day in religious English.Tod
40、ay it means a dayfor rest regardless of its religious nature.(2)NarrowingContrary to broadening,the original meaning of a word can be narrowedor restricted to a specific sense.A typical example is the word meat whichoriginally meant food In the course of time,the range of meaning wasnarrowed to mean
41、 specifically the flesh of animals used as food.(3)Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift.Yet,in its narrow sense,meaning shift refers to the change of meaning,which has nothing to do withgeneralization or restriction.What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from i
42、ts original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage.For instance,the word bead originally means prayer,but later it refers tothe prayer bead,the visible manifestation of a prayer,finally small,ball-shaped piece of glass,metal or wood.(4)Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the m
43、eaning of a word from aconcrete entity or notion to a process or attribution.This process of wordformation is also known as zero-derivation,or conversion.The wordengineer as a noun means a person trained in a branch of engineering,butit means to act as an engineer or to plan,to maneuver when used as
44、 averb.(5)Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from anincorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from theinfluence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous.As aresult of this modification,the word sparrowgrass in English deriv
45、ed fromasparagus;the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach.Translate the following into Chinese.1.Suppose that John Smith,happily married to Mary Smith,addresses hiswife as Mary Smith,how many times have I asked you not to flip throughthe TV channels?There would be reason to look beyond t
46、he words for themeaning of this unusual form of address.Mr.Smith may address his wife asMary Smith to show his exasperation,as in this example.By addressing heras Mary Smith instead of the usual Mary,he conveys frustration andannoyance.His choice of name thus means that he is exasperated.Contrast th
47、e tone of that sentence with a similar one in which John Smithaddressed Mary Smith as dear.The level of meaning that conveys the language users feelings,includinghis attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is called affectivemeaning or emotive meaning.It is largely a parasitic category
48、 in the sensethat to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of othercategories of meaning as conceptual,connotative or social.For example,nigger,originally a word denoting a certain race,has virtually become a termof abuse or contempt;and a similar development has occurred with part ofthe p
49、olitical vocabulary,such as fascist.答案：假设约翰史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快!”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。在这个例子中，史密斯先生称呼他妻子为“玛丽史密斯”用以表达他的愤怒。用这样的称呼而非“玛丽”，正传达了史密斯先生的不满和恼怒。因此可以说这样用词的“隐含意义”是：他被激怒了。假设有另外一个类似的句子，其中约翰史密斯称呼妻子为“亲爱的”，我们就可以进行比较并发现两个句子语气的不同。用以表达语言使用者的情感，包括调整其在语言使用过程中的态度及评价的这层意义就叫感情意义。这类意义实际上是依附于其它意义之上的。要表达情绪，总是要依靠其它类别的意义概念意义，内涵意义，又或者社会意义来调节。例如，“黑鬼”一词最初是某个特定种族的名字，而现在已变成用来辱骂他人或者是表达对他人的蔑视。同样，某些政治词语也经历了相似的发展，比如“法西斯”。