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1、初中英语语法知识考查要点11.名词(1)不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆：manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,footfeet,toothteeth(2)单数、复数同形的名词：fish,sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese(3)常用复数形的名词：trousers,shoes,glasses(4)只有复数形的名词：thanks,clothes(5)单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词：people,police(6)有生命的名词所有格形式：单数名词加 s,复数名词加s ,不是以s 结尾的复数名词加s,如：childrensroom(7)无生命的名词所有格
2、用of结构表达：如:the capital of China(8)表示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加s：如：Toms and Marys bikes(两人各自的自行车)(9)表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加s：如：Tom and Marys mother(即 Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹)(1 0)关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格：如：ten minutes,walk,ten miles1 journey,a boats length,two poundsweight,ten dollars,worth(1 1)双重所有格：a friend of my fathers2.
3、形容词与副词(1)原级，比较级，最高级词形变化：单元音+单辅音的单音节词fatfatte rfattestthinthinnerthinnesthothotter-hottestbigbiggerbiggest 以y 结尾的双音节词easy-easier-easiestheavyheavierheaviestp retty prettierprettiest初中英语语法知识考查要点2劣级比较l e s s +形容词/副词原级+th a n例：She is less beautiful than Mary.两者之间用比较级，在比较级前加定冠词，三者以上用最高级例：He is the taller
4、 of the two.She is the best player of the three.越 越的表达法例：The days are getting hotter and hotter.The more you study,the more you learn.修饰比较级的词有：much,by far,even,a little,a great deal.例：She is much better now.切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。3 .连词(1)动词与靠近的主语一致：这样的连词有：or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but alsoo(2)o r的用法
5、：作或者讲例：You or your friend has to go to the teachers*office.作否则讲例：Hurry up,or you will be late for school.(3)a n d 与 b u t ：例：He has no money and he is poor.He is poor but he is honest.4,介词(1)表示时间：a t:表示某一时间点如：at noono n:表示特定的日子如：on Christmasin:表示一段不具体的时间如：in the morning,in the Second world war如表示在某一
6、特定的早上、下午则用on如：on a cold morning,on a hot afternoon,on Sunday morningduring:表示期间内的某个时期如：during the night,during the Second World Warfo r:其后接表示一段时间长度的词如：for three daysthrough:表示在整个期间没有间歇例：It snowed through the night.till/until:表示动作持续的终点例：I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.b y:表示动作完成期限例：ril b
7、e back by five oclock.since:表示某动作的起始点例：I have studied English since 1 9 9 0.(2)表示地点：a t:表示较小的地点如：arrived at the school gatein:表示较大的地点如：arrived in Shanghaifo r:表示目的地例：PH leave for Shanghai.above:表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover:表示垂直上方，其反意词是under例：The dog jumped over the table.through:表示穿过如：through the forestac
8、ross:表示平原上的跨越例：I want to walk across the road.初中英语语法知识考查要点25.动词动词的时态:一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点：其一表示一经常发生的动作，如：I always go to school at seven.其二表示某一真理，事实，如：The earth moves around the sun.现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点：其一表示某一动作发生于过去，并持续下来，到现在完成o 如：I have studied English for two years.其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束，但其影响到现在。如：I havent
9、had my lunch.Im hungry now.与现在完成时连用的词语有：yet,already,before,since,ever,never等。其考查要点：其一：Have been表示曾经去过，如：I have been to America twice.说此话的人应已经回到国内。而 He has gone to Japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。其二：截止性动词可以有现在完成时，但不可与表示一段长度的词连用，如：Theclass has begun.The class has been on for five minutes.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，过去的习惯或反复发生的动
10、作。如：Who broke the window?In those days,I studied hard at night every d ay.与过去时连用的时间状语有：atthat time,ago,in 1 9 4 9,just now(刚才)，last night,yesterday一般将来时纯将来时的表示法：shall/will+动词原形例：PH leave for Shanghai this evening.表示按计划要做或可能做的事：be going to+动词原形例：Im going to help you tonight.将来时的特殊表示法a.be+coming/leavi
11、ng/going/starting/arriving例：Dont worry.Tm coming.b.be about to+动词原形例：He is about to leave,when the telephone rings.c.状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例：If it rains tomorrow I wont go to the party.（2）情态动词：c a n：能，会例：He can do it very well.m a y：许可，可能性例：May I use your pen?m u s t：必要，禁止（多表示主观看法）例：You mustnt play with fi
12、re.h a v e t o：不得不（多表示客观之事）例：I have to go,because I have a meeting.c o u l d 与w o u l d：二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉例：Could you help me?初中英语语法知识考查要点46.句型（1）宾语从句：由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例：Could you tell me where the post office is?Could you tell me what he said?（what 作 said 的宾语）由 that引出的宾语从句例：They said that they would give
13、 me some help,（that 仅作引导词）宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。例：He asked when we would leave home.（2）状语从句：状语从句可包括：时间/地点/原因/结果/目的等状语从句。例：I will come when I am free.Im late because my bike is broken.He went so early that he got a good seat.She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。例：If it rains tom
14、orrow I shall not go to the cinema.表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态，而突发性动作要用一般时态。例：When Im reading a book,the telephone rings.(3)反意疑问句例：She can swim across the river,can*t she?Its a fine day,isnt it?Marry needs to have a rest,doesnt she?You have nothing to do,do you?He seldom does homework,does he?Don
15、t open the door,will you?Open the door please,will you?Let us have a rest,will you?Lets go,shall we?(4)感叹句：例.What a hot day it is!How hot the weather is!7.不定式(1)不定式在句中作宾语，状语：例：It has begun to rain.I want to go to the cinema.(2)不定式与疑问词连用：例：I want to know how to work.I want to know what to do.(3)不定式的否
16、定句：例：He told me not to do it.省 略 to 的不定式：例：I saw him come this morning.这样的动词有see,hear,watch等感官动词，及 have(作让、使讲)make,let.初中英语语法指导一一指示代词英语中表示指示概念的代词叫指示代词，指示代词用来起指示作 用，或用来代替前面已提到过的名词。指示代词包括:this,that,these(这些)，those(那些)，其用法如下：(1)指示代词在时间或空间上对所指人或事物有远近之分。this和these常用来指时间和空间上较近的事物。而that和those则相反。(2)指示代词在指事
17、物时有单数、复数之分。this和that用来表示单数概念,系动词be用iSo there或those用来表示复数概念,系动词be用are。(3)当含有this或that的特殊问句指人时，其回答仍可以用this或that;但不指人时，单数用it,复数用they回答。例:Whos that?Thats Liu Hua.那是谁？那是刘华。Whats this?Its a cup.这是什么?这是一个蒙杯。What are those?They are pens.那些是什么？瑜些是钢笔。(4)在介绍人时，我们常用this指下面要提到的人，而不用其它指示代词。(5)打电话时通常用this表示自己，that
18、表示对方，而不用代词I和youo全力直击英语语法：主谓一致主谓一致是指：1)语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致;2)意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致;3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例:There is much water in the thermos.热水瓶里有很多水。但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.去年产碳 1 万吨。1 ,并列结构作主语时谓语用
19、复数例:Reading and writing are very important.读和写非常重要。注意:主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.铁和钢对我们的生活非常重要。2.主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当 there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例:a)There isa pen,a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有
20、一只笔，一把刀和几本书。b)There aretwenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有 20 个男生,23个女生。2)当 either.or与 neither.nor,连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例:a)Either you or she is to go.你或她会去。b)Here is a pen,a few envelops and some paperfor you.这儿有一只笔，一些信封
21、和给你的几张纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语后面跟有 with,together with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。例：a)The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师正在和一些学生参观工厂.b)He as well as I wants to go boating.我和他都想去划船。4.谓语需用单数1)代词each和由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each,ev
22、ery,谓语需用单数。例：a)Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机。b)There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出 了点儿问题。2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例：The Arabian Night is a bookknown to lovers of English.天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3)表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)例：a)Three weeks was allowed f
23、or making the necessary preparations.有三周的时间来做必要的准备。b)Ten yuan is enough.10 元钱就够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1)在代词 what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例：a)All is right.一切顺利。b)All are present.所有人都到齐了。2)集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如 famHy,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后用复数形式时，意
24、为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。例：a)His family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。b)His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。Are there any police around?周围有警察吗？3)有些名词，如 variety,number,population,proportion,majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。A number of+名词复数+复数动词。The number of+名词复数+单
25、数动词。例:a)A number of books have lent out.许多书已经借出去了。b)The majority of the studentslike English.大多数学生都喜欢英语6.与后接名词或代词保持一致1)用 half of,part of,most of,a portion o f等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。例:a)Most of his money is spent on books.他的大多数钱都用来买书了。b）Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大多
26、数学生都积极参加体育运动。2）在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但 由 more than.of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例：a）Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。b）More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。主谓一致原则考点举要与应考对策考点举要1.Miss Chen_ English on the radio the day before yesterd
27、ay.A.teaches B.taught C.will teach D.had taught（2003 北京）2.That place is not interesting at all._ of us wants to go there.A.Neither B.Both C.All D.Some（2003 河南）3.Maths_ my favourite subject.A.be B.is C.am D.are（2003 青海）4.Everyone except Tom and John_ there when the meeting began.A.are B.is C.were D.w
28、as（2003 宁夏）5.The boy with the two dogs_when the earthquake rocked the city.A.were sleeping B.is sleepingC.was sleeping D.are asleep（2003 新疆）6.Sorry,we already have four people in the car.There_ for the box.A.is a little room B.are no roomsC.is no room D.are few rooms（2003 内蒙古）（Key:l.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.
29、C 6.C）应考对策“主谓一致”是近几年中考设题的热点之一，它在初中英语教材中未被列入专项语法内容。因此，同学们对此常不知所措，为了帮助老师们更好地为学生搞好复习，现归纳如下：I、表示时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语表示整体概念时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Two months is quite a long tim e.两个月是相当长的一段时间。2、以-s结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如 news,maths,physics 等。如:No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息,compelling（强迫）prefer-*prefer
30、ring（宁要）3、过去式和过去分词（a）原形动词词尾+“ed”。rain-rained（下雨）walk-walked（走）need-needed（需要）（b）原形动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d”。live-lived（住）like-liked（喜欢）（O原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“-y”后加“-ied”，若是词尾为“元音字母+y”，只加“-ed”study-studied（学习）play-played（游戏）（d）原形动词词尾为“短元音&,）+辅音字母”时，先双写该辅音字母后再+”-ed“。chat-chatted（闲谈）kid 一kidded（开玩笑）beg begged（恳求）s
31、top-stopped（停止）bud-budded（萌芽）注：双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形，但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ed”，若是重音落在第二音节者，则依本项规则加visit-visited（访问）omit-omitted（省略）（e）原形动词词尾为“元音+1,r”并为重读音节时，常双写词尾后再加“-ed”。compel-compelledprefer-preferred英语字母“c”后面接“e,i”时通常都发音，例如：face,city。因此，如 picnic作动词使用时，其词形变化为了要保住其词尾的 k 音，通常都先加“-k”之后再加“-ing”或“-ed”。例如：We wen
32、t picnicking last Sunday.（上星期天我们野餐去了）。We picnicked in a park by a lake.（我们在湖边的一处公园野餐了 O ）介词in 和 a t在课本中构成的短语in a hurry 匆忙in a loud voice 大声地in a low voice 低声地in a minute 一会儿，立刻in a month 一个月后in a short while 不久in English（Russian）用 英（俄）语in fact实际上in far-away villages在遥远的村庄in front of 在.前面in hospital
33、住院in life 一生中in line成一直线in（great）need of（很）需要in no tim e立刻，很快in order to 为了in prison在监狱中in public当众，公开地in school在学校in space在空间in surprise 惊奇地in the d ay在白天in the daytime在白天，在白昼in the fields of 在.领域里in the end 最后，终于in the face of 在.当中in the fields在田地里in the middle of 在.当中in the morth（south）在 北（南）方in
34、the past fifty years在过去的五十年里in the sk y在天上in the 1 7th century在第十七世纪in the street 在街上in the tree在树上in tim e及时in tow n在镇上in those days在那些日子里in trouble处于困境（苦恼）中at a street corner在街道拐角处at first起先，开始的时候at hom e在 家（里）at last最一，终于at nieght在夜里at noon在中午at once马上at that time 在那时at the age of 在.岁时at the cine
35、ma在电影院at the doctors在医生诊所，在医务室at the end of S.的末梢，在.的尽头at the foot of 在.脚下at the railway station 在火车站at the university 在大学at work在工作“before”的 常 见 错 误 用 法：错 用“before”常会产生误会。一次某同学在作文中写道：Wehad our summer holidays before we had the final examination.在我们期终考试前，我们先放了暑假。上面的句子，从语法角度看，完全正确。但按情理，我们通常是选先考试，后放暑假
36、的。这个同学犯的错误与前面的班长所犯的错误一样。他的原意是：“我们放暑假前，期终考试了。”但因受中文句子的结构影响，他把“前”用“before”代替，代入句子，结果写出不合情的句子。他的句子应写为：Before we had our summer holidays,we had the final examination.OR:We had thefinal examination before we had our summer holidays.我们放暑假前，期终考试了。留 意 before*所引导的从句(Clause)是叙述后发生的事情。before”亦可用于句子中间，后面引导的从句(C
37、lause)仍是用叙述后发生的事情。(1)Before Tom leaves home for school,his mother checks his school bag.=Tom smother checks his school bag before he leaves home for school.汤姆离家上学前，他母亲总为他检查书包。(2)Before I give my answer,I will ask you some questions.=I will ask you somequestions before I give my answer.在我没有作答前，我要先问你几
38、个问题。short Quiz:Rewrite the following sentences using before.1.After I took a hot bath,I went to bed.2.After she had finished her homework,she went to bed.3.John s father died.Then Johe was born.4.He had been very self-confident until he failed in his business.一般过去时与过去进行时的区分一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。A、一般过去
39、时1 )叙述过去状态、动作或事件He went to Beijing the other day.(带具体时间)2)表示过去的习惯a)would,used to 与过去时would表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间used t o 表一贯性有规律的习惯They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.He smoked a lot two years a g o.（过去行为）b）W ould用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。Used t o 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would换用。When he was a
40、 boy,he would often go there.（叙述过去）She isn*t what she used to be.（今昔对比）c）表示状态时一般只用used toTom used to be fat/There used to stand a tree there.（状态）d）was（were）used to+ving 表示“合适于，适应于.”He used to work at night.（“习惯”表经常）He was used to working at night.（习惯表适应）3）表示过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。He sat there and lis
41、tened to the radio.（依此发生）4）表示客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和want,wonder,hope等How did you like the film?/Could you help me?B.过去进行时一表示在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生What were you doing at 8:30 last night?（过去某时刻正在发生）短暂性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算During that time he was going with us.（表示打算）一与always,often.usually等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。He was always C
42、hanging his mind.二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别A.进行时表某一行为的“片断 一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。I was reading the book at that time.（未读完，“读”的片段）I read the book yesterday.（己读完，表整个“读”）B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用It was raining all night.（优先用 was raining.rained 为持续动词，故也可使用）He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon.（短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复,连续发生，
43、不可用一般过去时）C、w hile时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.D、W hile所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.（平行）I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.I saw him while I was walking to
44、the station.三、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时（不用现在进行时和过去进行时）1）表心理状态、情感的动词，如 love,hate,like,care,respect,please.prefer,know 等，若用进行时则词意改变。Im forgetting it.（=beginning to forget）2）表存在、状态的动词，如 appear,exist Jie,remain,stand,seem 等3）表感觉的动词，如 see,hear,feel,smell,sound,taste 等.4）表一时性的动词，如 accept,allow,admit,decide,end,refu
45、se,permit promise 等。示例考题 1 As she_the newspaper,Cranny_asleep.（95）A.read/was falling B.was reading/fellC.Was reading/was falling D.read/fell分析 时间从句的动作长，而“入睡”动作短，故前者用过去进行时，而较短动词用一般过去时，选 B考题 2 Tom_into the house when no one_.A.slipped/was looking B.Had slipped/lookedC.slipped/had looked D.was slipping
46、/looked分析 此题先要理解好when,表“此时”，说明主句中slipped是较短行为，而 look是较长行为的片断，即汤姆溜进房子，此时没人瞧见，故选A 为正确。训练1.-Is Smith in America?-Yes,he_in China for there years.A.lives B.Has lived C.Lived D.was living2.The method he had stuck-_ right.A.to prove B.To proved C.To be proved D.were proved3.-Why didnt Miss Green go there?
47、-She would have gone there expect_enough time.A.she had B.She had had C.She didnt have D.she would have4.Am didnt see me wave to her,she_in other direction.A.looked B.Was looking C.Has looked D.is looking5.Tom burnt his hand when he_the dinner.A.cooked B.Was cooking C.Has been cooking D.had cooked6.
48、Mary_a dress when she cut he rfinger.A.made B.Is making C.Was making D.had made初三英语句型转换模拟训练1 .The girl could hardly understand what he said,_?（反意问句）2.How many sheep are there in Australia.?（宾语从句）She asked_in Australia.3.They have sold out the light green dresses.（被动句）The light green dresses_out.4.He
49、 got too angry to speak.（同义句）He got_angry_he_ speak5.Tom may be on the team,or Jack may.（简单句）_Tom_Jack may be on the team.6.She didnt reach the top of the mountain.Her brother didnt reach it either.（合并成简单句）_her brother reached the top of the mountain.7.The sweater costs 200 yuan.（划线提问）the sweater_?8
50、.Think hard,and youll have an idea._ think hard,youll have an idea.二、完成句子。1 .美国和澳大利亚都是说英语的国家。_America_ Australia_2.我们俩都不知道他的电话号码。_of us_his telephone number.3.尽管医生已经劝了他戒烟，他仍然和以前抽得一样多。_the doctor has told him to _,he still_before.4.艾尔斯山位于澳大利亚东南部。Ayers Rock lies_ Australia.5.那天早晨我们在太阳出来之前就起床了。W e_earl