外英语专业超全面翻译笔记.pdf

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1、第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1.句式特征：b y+名词+比较级+thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长 3 英寸。2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为：增加到。或减少到。Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 5 0.金属切割机已经减少到 50 台。二、百分数增减的表示法与译法L 句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+%The output value has increased 35%.产 值 增 力 口 了 35%2.句式特征：表示增减意义

2、的动词+by+%Retail sales should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加 3%The prime cost decreased by 6 0%.主要成本减少 6 0%3,句式特征：表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量B y using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20%4.句式特征：+比较级+th an表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今

3、年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9%o5,句式特征：+比较级+名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 10 percent energy supplied.新型机方应能耗量净减 10%6.句式特征：a+%+increase表示净增数There is a 20%increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增 20%7,句式特征：%+（of）名 词（代词）表示净减数，数字n 照译The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅

4、为去年的 6 0%8.句式特征：+up on或 over表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20%percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比 1978年净增20%o第二部分倍数增加的表示法及译法一、表示法。汉语表示增加了几倍时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成增加了 n-l倍以表示净增加数。如果译成增加到n 倍或为原来的n 倍，则照译不误。L 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n times表示成倍地增长，译成增加到N 倍或增加n-1倍 注：1 倍 once;2 倍 twice（或 double）；

5、3 倍 thrice（或 three times）2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+b y+n tim e s,该句式与上述相同3,句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+to+n times表示增加到N 倍，译成增加了 n-l倍 4,句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of+n times5 .句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of+n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。大（长、宽。）N-1倍 6,句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n tim es+比较级+than。7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n times+adj./adv.+as.8 .句

6、式特点：表示增加意义的动词+a +n times（或 n-fold）+increase.表示增加到N 倍，译成”增加了 N 1 倍 9.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+as+adj./adv.+again as.译成 比。大(长、宽。倍)例子：Line A is as long again as line B.A 线比 B 线长 1 倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+half as+adj./adv.+again as.译成 比。大(长、宽。半 倍)“11.句

7、式 特 点:用 double表示倍数,译成 等于.的 2 倍 或 增加了 1 倍12.句式特点：用 treble表示倍数增加，译成 增加到3 倍 或 增加了 2 倍13.句式特点：用 quadruple表示倍数增加，译成 增加到4倍 或 增加了 3 倍二、英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有些(如下文中的句型、(1 2)等，见圈码)很容易译错一一其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加(-)A is n times as great(long,much,.)as B.()A is n

8、times greater(longer,more,.)than B.()A is n times the size(length,amount,.)ofB.()以上三句都应译为；A 的大小(长度，数量，.)是 B 的 n 倍 或 A 比 B 大(长，多.)n-1倍.Eg.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than,threetimes the length o f)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3 倍(即 长 两 倍)。注：当相比的对象B 很明显时,than(as,of)B 常被省去。(二)increase

9、 to n times()increase n times/n-fold()increase by n times()increase by a factor of n()以上四式均应译为：增加到n 倍(或：增 加 n-1倍)。Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three timesas compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。Eg.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as ag

10、ainst1986.化肥产量比198 6 年增加了 4倍。Eg.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2 倍 或 3 倍(即 提 高 1 倍 或 2 倍)。Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3 借(即增加到原来的4倍)。注：在这类句型中increase常 被 raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth

11、.()应译为：增 加 n-倍(或 增 至 n 倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道，价值破记录地增长了 3 倍。（四）double（增加 1 倍），treble（增加 2 倍），quadruple（增加 3 倍）。（）Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了 2 倍 或 3 倍多。(五)此 外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍

12、数的方法，如：A is as much(large,long,.)again as B.(=A is twice as much(large,long,.)asB.()应译为：A 比 B 多(大，长.)1 倍。A is half as much(large,long,.(again as B.=A is one and a half times as much(large,long,.)as B.(11)应译为:A 比 B 多(大，长.)一 半(即 A 是 B 的一倍半)。倍数减少(一)A is n times as small(light,slow,.)as B.(12)A is n tim

13、es smaller(lighter,slower,.)than B.(13)以上两句均应译为：A 的大小(重量，速度.)是 B 的 1/n 或A 比 B 小(轻，慢.)(n-1)/nEg.The hydrogen atom is nearly 16 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。Eg.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注：当相比的对象B 很明显时，than/

14、asB 常被省去。(二)decrease n times/n-fold(14)decrease by n times(15)decrease by a factor of n(16)以上三式均译 为:减 少 到 1/n 或：减少(nl)/ndecrease 常被 reduce,shorten,go/slow down 等词替代。Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了 1/3(即缩短到2/3)。Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten t

15、imes,the strength of the currentis stepped down by ten times.电压升高9 倍，电流强度便降低9/10(即 9 0%)。Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了 4/5 o(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction.应译为：减 至 1/n 或：减 少(n 1)/no(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式，Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed

16、.发现迅速减少到1/7 oEg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction inweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了 1/2。从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n 倍，而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量二句型；句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型1 2,且 decrease(by)3 times应译为减少2/3，而不是减少3/4%第四部分动词的使动用法动词是英

17、语中词类中最为活跃的成分，至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的，现介绍些使动用法共勉。1.1 slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。4.1 laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴其实，研究动词个人认为，要把握后面有无宾语；宾语是人还是物；

18、是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨，动词的学习研讨方法。第五部分同系宾语1.1 dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.1 have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时，通常可换成态度副词。live a long life=live long;live a happy life=live happily;die a national death=die nationally;die a violent death=die by violence二、有的宾语与动词不同语

19、源，但意义相通，也可以视为同类。run a race;run a course;run ones career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak ones vengeance三、以 it构成的类型：I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Cant you swim it?你游不过去吗？四、在某些熟语中可将同

20、系宾语省略,tli look thanks=look a look of thanksHe looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。She left the room,looking daggers at me,她以短剑相刺的目光望着我，走出了房间。五、最高级形容词后，可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分一组词组l.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself=very+adj.He was

21、all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。To his superiors,he is humility itselfo 对于 长辈,他极为谦逊。分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有非常、尽管、一味、“尽的含义,有 时 甚 至 可 以 译 为。的化身。的具体化。普通复数名词用于all”之后，也是表达这种概念。He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something(much)of/nothing(littl

22、e)ofMr.Li is something of a philosopher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。分析：此为表示程度的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of=to some extent(某 程 度)，在问句和条件句中则用anything of(略有、多少)。nothing o f译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况：to be so

23、mething of=to have something of+名词+in+代名词He is nothing in ability of an orator=He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Something o f与 something like区别：程度上有差异。something like=something approximateing in character or amount 指数量或性质略同的

24、事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。3.as.as的三种用法；(1)He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。(2)He is as kind as honest.他既诚实又和蔼。(3)He ia as kind as his siste门s honest.他妹妹诚实,而他和蔼。句 式 1 表示两个不同的人相同的性质；句 式 2 表示同一个人不同的性质；句式3 表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中

25、第一个as为之时副词，第二个a s为连词。所以，第一个 as后面为adj./adv.,而第二个as后面为从句。4 .as.as any/as.as everHe is as great a statesman as any=He is as great a statesman as ever lived,他是一位稀有的政治家。5 .as as.can beIt is as plain as plain can be(may b e).那是再明白不过了。A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。6 .as.,

26、so.As rust eats iron,so care eats the heart.忧能伤人,犹如锈之蚀铁。SO 相当于 in the same proportion;in like manner;in the same way(亦复如此)。为加强语气，也可以在 as前面加上just 一词。As fire tries gold,so does adversity try courage.正如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。As the human body is nourished by the food,so is a nation nourished by its industries.

27、正像身体要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。7.I t is in(or with).as in(or with).It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating;he who does it gets the benefits,and not he who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.a

28、s good as/as well asIt is as goos as done.这就和做好了 一样。It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good as有两个含义：(1)amounting to;not falling short of;等于；同样;几如；不欠缺He was as good as his word.他不爽约。(2)virtually;essentially;in every essential respect 实际 匕 其 实;实 在；在各要点上He is as good as dead a卜 eady.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡as

29、well as有四个含义:(1)no less than;equally with 等于:不下于；亦；一样好I have understanding as well as you.(2)both.and.;one equally with the other与、两者皆Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予，快感，又有益卫生。(3)与 not only.but also 有连带关系He has experience as well as knowledges He

30、 has not only knowledge but also experience.(4)可以代替 better thanAs well(=better)be hanged for a sheep as(=than)for a lamb.窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。9.As it is其含义为：as it stands;to state the matter as it really stands;as a matter of fact;in reality.相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根 据(现 在)情 况 看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数；即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数

31、,则用Astheyare。如果用来指人时，则为as I am/youare/she/he is/we are/they are.as it is 的过去式为as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。(1)用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致As it is,we can not help him.As it was,we could not help him.(2)用于句末Lets keep it as it is.You mustnt go to the ball as you are.你不能这样去参加舞会。有 时 it可以省略为as is ，意即：照现在的样子，常指 不 再

32、修理或改进等情况。He has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。Ill sell it to you as is,but dont complain if it doesnt work.(3)句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开A.虚拟语气句式+but+as it is/w a s,该结构意为：其实;事实上I thought things would get better,but as it is,they are getting worse and worse.The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weat

33、her had been fine,but as it was,it had to be left inthe fields.B.过去分词+as it i s,表示强调前面的过去分词Written as it is in an interesting way,this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.Published as it was at such a time,his work attrached much attention.C 现在分词+asitdoes(did)。意为：因为这样，(实际)所以.Living as he does i

34、nShanghai,he knows the place extremely well.Reading as he did many times,he could recite it fluently.几个类似的结构：A.as it stands根据目前情况来看As it stands,it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.B.such as it is不怎么样,质量不过如此The room,such as it is,is very bright.C.as it

35、were=as if it were so.属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it is混淆He is,as it were,a living dictionary.Comrade Lei Feng still lives,as it were z in our heart.10.have+the+抽象名词+不定式I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸运获得了 成功。have=possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征，现作为一种天赋而具有的。She had the cheek(=impudence)to say such a thing.=She was so im

36、pudent as to say such a thing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。How can you have the heart(=hard-heartness)to drown such darling little kittens?你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死？11.名词+o f+a+名词It was a great moutain of a wave.波浪如山高。That fool of a Tom did it.这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。That old cripple of a Henn.那个年老的残废者亨。It would make the deuce of a scanda

37、l.这会弄得声名狼藉的。o f前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的名词+of后出现的名词前面，必须有一个不定词，即使是固有名词，该冠词也不可省略。a devil of a man=a devish mana rascal of a fellow=a rascally fellow12.in+人They have an enemy in him.他才是他们的敌人。分析：in二 in the person of(在那人身上)，表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状(与形状有关的 in,如：in a circle;in print;in a heap;in couples;in huma

38、n shape;in ruins等)所转来的，而有“即.是也、就是的含义。这 种 in 多出现在find,see,behold,lose等动词后面。He had something of the hero in him.Chinalost a great artist in(the death of)Chi Paishi.13.short of/be short of/nothing short ofshort=except,是副词的用法。在前面可以使用的动词有:come,fall,run等，表示不足、缺乏的意思,其中oF做from”解释。至 于 be short o f与 nothing s

39、hort o f中的short of则为形容词。beshort of表示“不足或“离开；nothing short o f表示“完全。1)Short of theft,I will do anything I can for you.2)We are short of hands at present.3)His conduct was nothing short of madness.他的行为简直发了狂。14 .anything but/nothing but/all but在英文中anything but=never;意即除此之外，别的都是，是表示强调的否定;nothing but=onl

40、y;意即“除此之外,别的都不是”;all but=almost;nearly三种用法中，but都有except含义15 .much more/much lessHe likes a child,much more a baby.他喜欢小孩,更加喜欢婴孩。He doesnt like a child,much less a baby.他步喜欢小孩,更加不喜欢婴孩。解释：much more用于肯定句之后，表示程度增加；表示更多，much可以改为stillmuch less用于否定句之后，表示程度减少；表示更少，可译为何况、还 论 16 .more.than.can”达到不可能的程度”moretha

41、n.can”简直不可能”He earns more money than he can spend.17.more than+动词，译为“深为，十二分的“This more than satisfied me.这使我十二分的满意。More is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。What we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits.18.less.thanDuring the week he saw less of her than usual.在那,个星期内，他比平常要少见到她。less.than”较少、较差、不

42、及 、“不如。该 less做形容词时好翻译，做副词解释时难译。Proof-reading is not interesting,still less so when it is ones own work.Proof-reading is uninteresting,still more so when it is ones own work.His lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演讲怎么也不能使我满意。He observed with interest the errors of her face and figure,the thin u

43、nderlip,too heavily penciledeyebrows,and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny.他感兴趣地望着她面孔和身体上的一些缺点，那太薄的下唇，画的太浓的眉毛和她那瘦弱的双腿,虽然还没有达到皮包骨头的程度。19.the+比较级+理由I like him all the better for his faults.因为他有缺点,所以我更加喜欢他。连接理由”部分的可以为：for,because,on account of,owing to等，前面部分常常出现的结构为：all(much)the+比较级。

44、该结构中的 the=to that degree.2O.what he is/what he hasWe honour him for what he is,not for what he has.我们尊敬的是他的人品，而不是他的财富。what he is=his characterwhat he has=his propertyIt is not a question how much a man knows,but use what he can make of what he knows;not a questionof what he has acquired,and how he h

45、as been trained,but of what he is,and what he can do.问题不在于一个人知道多少，而在于他能否运用他的知识；问题不在于他所学为何，受过怎样的教育，而在于他的人品，以及他的能力。21.what+名词/what+little+名词He gave me what money he had about him.他把他身上所有的钱都给了我。I gave him what little mony I had.我竭尽绵薄之力将仅有的钱都给了他。what+名词含有“all the.that或that.which”含义。译为“所有的。”,what做关系代名词。w

46、hat+little(few 等 一 类 词)+名词含有“虽少但全部 或“所仅有的She saved what little money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school.22.what with.and what with/what by.and what byWhat with illness and what with losses,he is almost ruined.半因为生病,半因为亏损,他几乎整个儿毁了。What by brikes and what by extortions,h

47、e made money.或由受贿，或由勒索，他发财了。此为what的副词用法,可译为“多 少(=somewhat)、半(=p a trly)”what with.and what with 表示 原因what by.and what by 表示 手段What with overwork and under-nourishment he fell ill.由于过劳，加上营养不足，他终于病倒了。23.if anyl)He despises honour,if any one does.世界上真有人轻视荣誉的话，他便是一个。2)He has little,if any,money.他即令有钱，也是

48、极少的。if any,if ever意思是“果真有，即令有的话”,相 当 于 if there is(are)any at a ll。它通常是伴随有little,few,seldom等准否定词。与此相近的用法还有if anything,意思是if at all或if there is anydifference，可以译为倘若有异同，如果稍有区别的话。还有“if a day意思是at least%There is little,if any,hope.希望甚微。It occurs seldom,if ever(=seldom or never).真有其事,也不常发生。If anything,he

49、 is a little better today.如有什么不同,他比昨天好了一点。The greatness has little,if anything,to do with rank or power.真正的伟大是和权力与地位毫无关系的。第七部分构成句式的基本单元一一词汇下面的内容虽然与帖子的名称不太相符，但是作为构成句式的基本单元-一 词汇，也是不容忽视的啊。学习过程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的词汇(词组)，曾经在0 E 网站张贴，现把精华部分粘贴于此，希望大家对我的理解提出批评和指正。一、“闪光之说：1、shine:照耀，指光稳定发射;2、glitter:闪光，指光不稳定发射；3、g

50、lare:耀眼，表示光的强度最大；4 sparkle:闪烁,指发射微细的光度。二、打破”之说：1 break:一般用语，经打击或施加压力而破碎；2、crack:出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片；3、crush:指从外面用力向内或从上向下压而致碎;4、demolish:破坏，铲平或削平（如土壤，建筑物，城堡等）；5、destroy:在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁,使之无法复原;6、shatter:突然使一个物体粉碎；7、smash:指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。三、有关“死之说：1、去世，与世长辞：to pass away;2、寿终：to close（end）ones day;3、咽