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1、考研阅读高频话题和美国文化2022年4月【课程特色】1.聚焦英一和英二的阅读三大重难点话题:“商业经济,政治法律,教育制度”;2.盘点话题词汇,精讲真题阅读语段和背景文化知识;3.为学习和掌握阅读技巧奠定扎实的语言基础。高频话题1:商业经济The World EconomyGross Domestic Product(GDP)by Country 2018Worlds RegionAFRICAAUSTRALIAUNITED20.49TUNITEDKINGDOMCHINA$13.61T15.86%JAPAN、$4.97T5.79%GERMANYS3.99T4.6 5%./IT A Df$2 C、
2、SPAIN S1.43TArticle&Sources:https7howmuchnet/articlesAhe-world-economy-2O18httpsT7databank.worldbank.orgLATIN AMERICAAND CARRIBEANMIDDLE EASTEUROPEASIANORTH AMERICASOUTH AFMCA 8 R T 3%howMuchChinas quick economic ascent amid COVID-19(%)15Industrial output(monthly)Retail sales(monthly)GDP(quarterly)Q
3、2 Q32019Q4Q2 Q32020Q4Source:Chinas National Bureau of StatisticsCCTN1【经济形势】prosper v.成 功,繁荣prosperous adj.繁荣的prosperity n.繁荣boom n.繁 荣;v.快速发展,暴涨depression n.经济萧条,抑郁the Great Depression 经济大萧条recession n.经济后退,不景气crisis n.危机the economic crisis 经济危机bubble n.泡沫inflationn.通货膨胀interest rate n.利(息)率unemploy
4、ment rate n.失业率真 题 语 境2 0 0 0 When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the SecondWorld War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industriesunparalleled economies of scale.Its scientists were the worlds best;its workers themost skilled.Ame
5、rica and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of theEuropeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grewricher.Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.By themid-1980s Americans had f
6、ound themselves at a loss over their fading industrialcompetitiveness.Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,hadshrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity forgranted.2真 题 语 境2004,Text 3Potent
7、ial home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.Employers wouldntmind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.Many consumers seem to have beeninfluenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessaryingredient to a sustained boom.真 题 语 境2009,Text 3Not long ago,with the country
8、entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak,the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary causes of thepoor U.S.economic performance.真题语境2017英 二Part BBut to win over these young workers,manufacturers have to clear another majorhurdle:parents,who lived through the wors
9、t US economic downturn since theGreat Depression,telling them to avoid the factory.Millennials remember theirfather and mother both were laid off.They blame it on the manufacturing recession.真题语境2002,Text3One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises inthe 19
10、70s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-priceinflation and global excess demand.【金融与财政】financial adj.金融的,财政的financial crisis 金融危机financial risk金融风险,财务风险3financial support财政支持,经济支持financial burden 财政负担stock n.股 票,存储stock exchange股票交易(所)stock trading volume 股票交易量shareholder
11、 n.股 东,股票持有人crash n&v.暴 跌,破 产,崩 溃,碰撞the stock market crash 股市崩盘the crash of 2008 08 年金融危机the crash of Egypt Flight 804 埃及 804 航班失事capital n.资 本,首都capitalism n.资本主义capitalist n.资本家,资本主义的asset n.资 产,有价值的人或物asset evaluation 资产评估asset allocation 资产配置loan n.&v.贷款,借housing lo a n 住房贷款mortgage n.抵押贷款,按揭mon
12、thly mortgage payments 月供真 题 语 境【2007,Text 3】Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joiningmillions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of thepast year,Pres
13、ident Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-accountmodel,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for paymentsdepending on investment returns.真题语境【2019英一 Text 1In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of informa
14、tion,and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets.4Much more could be done to encouragenlong-termism,n such as changes in the taxcode and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France shareholders who holdonto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more votingri
15、ghts in a company.真 题 语 境2001When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didnt have the capitalto do so.And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure-including roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.【“钱 和福利】income n.收入,投资收益revenuen.收 入,财政收入,
16、税收profit n利 润,赢 利;v.获益profitable adj.有利润的return n.回 报,利润yieldn.收益,产量bonus n.奖 金,红 利,额外好处cost n.成 本,费 用;V.花费spending n.花 费,开销expense n.费 用,开支welfare n.福利allowance n.津 贴,补助subsidy n.补 助,津 贴,补助金(复 数 subsidies)pension n.养老金,退休金真 题 语 境2008f Text 2The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Aust
17、ralia and Graham Vickeryof the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsomeprofits.5真 题 语 境【2006,Text 2】The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theater adds a penny to their revenue.Anyway,the townsfolk cant understand why Royal Shakespeare Company needs asubsidy.Th
18、e reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices havestayed low.真题语境2004,Text3From car dealerships to Gap outlets,sales have been lagging for months as shopperstemper their spending.For retailers,who last year took in 24 percent of theirrevenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas,the
19、cautious approach is coming at acrucial time.真题语境2014英一 Text 1The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against therisk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.【公司】company,firm n.公司corporation n.(大)公司enterprise n.企 业,事 业,进取心真 题 语 境
20、2003,Text 1Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitfbrd,Inc.,aprivate intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Strait ford makes money byselling the results of spying to corporations like energy-services firm McDermottInternational.6高频话题2:政治法律Separation of Powers【
21、立法权 legislative powerlegal adj.合法的illegal ad j.违法的legislate v.制定法律legislative ad j.立法的legislator n.立法者legislature n.立法机关legitimate adj,合法的,正当合理的;v.使合法,授权congress n.国 会,议 会,代表大会Congress美国国会the S en a te参议院sen ator参议员the House of Representatives 众议院真 题 语 境 2002,Text 4George Annas,chair of the health l
22、aw department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor hasdone nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.7真 题 语 境 2007,Text 4That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doi
23、ng therounds in Washington,D.C.真 题 语 境【2018,英 一,Text4】Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6billion over five years.【彳亍政权executive powerexecutive n.决策人,行 政 管 理 ad j.行政的,决策的administration n.管理 z(政府)administrate v.管理administrative adj.管理的,行政的the presidential ele
24、ction 总统大选the White House 白宫United States Secretary of State 美国国务卿真 题 语 境【2013英一 Text 4】The Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Monday amodest policy victory for the Obama Administration.【政党与思潮】LE FT I R IG H TL IB E R A L C O N S E R V A T IV ED E M O C R A T R E P U B L IC A
25、 N8The Democratic Party 美国民主党democratic a d j.民主的democratn.民主主义者The Republican Party 美国共和党republican n.共和党人libera!a d j.自由主义的;n.自由主义者liberalism n.自由主义conservative ad j.保守派的;n.保守派z保守主义者conservatism n.保守主义conservation n.保 护,保 存,节约真题语境2016英一 Text 2The liberal democrats are losing political influence.真题
26、语境2000Many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moraleducation.真 题 语 境 2005,Text 2If the Administration wont take legislative initiative,Congress should help to beginfashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd ofWest Virginia,which would o
27、ffer financial incentives for private industry,is apromising start.【司法权 judicial powercourt n.法 院,法庭the Supreme Court 最高法院judge n.法 官;v.判 决,判断justice n.公 正,正 义,大法官justify v.证明 正 当,替 辩护jury n.陪审团juror n.陪审员9verdict n.(陪审团的)裁决trial n.审 判,试验constitution n.宪 法,设 立,构成constitute v.构成 z 制定constitutional ad
28、 j.宪法的statute law 成文法case l a w 判例法penalty n.惩 罚,刑罚appeal n.&v.上 诉,呼 吁,恳 求,吸弓1(力)the U.S.Court of Appeals 美国上诉法院真 题 语 境【2010英 二 Text 4】Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucialdemocratic values.Defendants are entitled to trial by their peers,and verdicts should repres
29、ent theconscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.io真 题 语 境 2008,Text 4The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections forthe peculiar institution”,including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of aman for purposes of congressional represe
30、ntation.真 题 语 境【2013英一 Text 4】But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeatfbr the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federalgovernment and the states.Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigrationenfor
31、cement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information andcooperate with federal colleagues.The White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcementpriorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,theWhite House claimed that it could
32、 invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law thatit disagrees with.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.真 题 语 境 2007,Text4The current state of affairs may have been encouraged一though not justified一by thelack of legal penalty for data leakage.真题语境【2012英 二 Text 3Despite the appeals c
33、ourts decision,big questions remain unanswered.The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.11真题语境【2010英一 Text 2In a move that has intellectual property lawyers abuzz,the U.S.Court of Appealsfor the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review ofbusiness-method patents.高
34、频话题3:教育制度TUniversity ResearchDoctoral Degree_Note:Not all awards orstudy patterns areincludedsource:https:/wenr.wes.org/2018/06/education-in-the-united-states-of-america12National University 综合性大学Liberal Arts College 文理学院Community College 社区学院institute n.学 院,研究所,协 会;v.制 定,建 立,开创discipline n.学 科,纪 津
35、v.训 练,处罚elite n.精英SAT Scholastic Assessment Test 学术能力评估测试GRE Graduate Record Exam美国研究生入学考试真题语境【2015英 二Text 2The authors of the paper are from different universities,and their findings are basedon a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed privateuniversity.First generatio
36、n was defined as not having a parent with a four yearcollege degree.真 题 语 境【2007,Text 2】Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT)and theGraduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessar
37、y tosucceed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article”HowIntelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assessanalytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,components also critical to problem solving and li
38、fe success.13真题语境【2014英一 Text 2There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-yearundergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at oneof 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensivepreparation for the bar exam.This leav
39、es todays average law-school graduate with$100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.真 题 语 境【2012英 二 Text 4】The research of Till Von Wachter,the economist in Columbia University,suggests thatnot all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those withdegrees from elite uni
40、versities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise wouldhave been if they had graduated in better times;it is the masses beneath them that areleft behind.真题语境【2014英一 Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,the just-released report by the American Academy of Artsand Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanitiesand social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.14