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1、定语从句一 由关系代词引导的定语从句1 定语从句所修饰的先行词如果指的是人，则关系代词应用who（作主语）或whom（作宾语）。在定语从句中作主语的who不能省略，作宾语的whom在限制性定语从句中可以省略。He who is not for us is against us.He is a man （whom） everybody respects.2 定语从句所修饰的先行词如果指的是物，则关系代词应用which。which在定语从句中作主语时不能省略，在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。The train which has just left is for Lanzhou.This is
2、 the book （which） I like to read.关系代词which也可以指动物。 The cat，which is black and white，is sitting beside her mistress.3 关系代词that指人、指物都可以，在定语从句中作宾语。Who is that that spoke first？Thank you for the help that you have given us.4 关系代词whose指人、指物都可以，在定语从句中作定语。This is Henry，whose sister you met last week.This is
3、 a room whose window opens to the south.5 as作关系代词，引导定语从句时，常与the same连用。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。We will buy the same instrument as is used in your laboratory.I have the same trouble as you.He is not the same man as he was three years ago.注意“the sameas”与“the samethat”的区别。前者解作“与一模一样”，后者解作“与同一个人（物）”。 This is
4、the same pen as I lost yesterday.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.as作关系代词，引导定语从句时，还常与such连用。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 He has made such mistakes as cannot be forgiven. Here is such a big stone as no one can lift.有时在主句中没有the same，such时，定语从句也可以用as引导。 Phosphoric acid is not a poison as is phosphorus.
5、6 but用作关系代词，引导定语从句时，具有否定的意义，相当于who not，that not。在这种情况下，主句中常有否定词或否定意义的词。There is no one of us but wishes to go.There are few books but have a misprint or two.7 than可以用作关系代词，引导定语从句。在这种情况下，主句中必须有比较级的词。Dont eat more than is good for you. 有时认为than是连词，后面省略了what或者it，引导比较状语从句。二 由关系副词引导的定语从句1 引导定语从句的关系副词when
6、表示时间，在从句中作时间状语。I will never forget the day when I first saw you.关系副词when有时也可以省略。 Please bring that book to me next time （when） you come.当主句中的主语带有when引导的定语从句，显得太长，主句的谓语太短时，为了保持句子平衡，往往将定语从句放在主句谓语之后。 The day will come when the people all over the world will win liberation.2 引导定语从句的关系副词where表示地点，在从句中作地点
7、状语。I know the place where he lives.关系副词where有时也可以省略。 This is the place （where） we held the meeting yesterday.3 引导定语从句的关系副词why表示原因，在从句中作原因状语，其先行词往往是reason。Do you know the reason why he was late？关系副词why有时也可以省略。 This is the reason （why） he did not come yesterday.4 引导定语从句的关系副词as表示方式，在从句中作方式状语。在这种情况下，as常
8、与the same连用。We go the same way as they.5 在表示方式、原因、时间等的名词后常可以用关系副词that引导定语从句，此时that代替相应的“介词+which”、why或when；that也可以省略。I did not like the way she spoke to me.I like the place for the very reason that you dislike it.I will never forget the day that you first arrived.三 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语
9、从句中，介词该用什么，取决于其先行词或从句中的谓语；关系代词若为whom和which，则介词可以放在它们之前，也可以放在谓语之后；关系代词若为that，则介词不可以放在它之前，必须放在谓语之后；关系代词若省略掉，则介词必须放在谓语之后。The man with whom I talked just now is John.（正式语体）The man whom I talked with just now is John. （正式语体）The man that I talked with just now is John.（口语语体）The man I talked with just now
10、is John.（更口语化）The planet on which we live is called the earth. （正式语体）The planet which we live on is called the earth. （正式语体）The planet that we live on is called the earth. （口语语体）The planet we live on is called the earth. （更口语化）当关系代词在定语从句中作含有介词的短语动词的宾语时，短语动词不可以拆开，即介词不能移到关系代词之前，只能放在原来的位置上。 The man who
11、m we have often heard of will come tomorrow. Is this the thing which you are looking for？2 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，如果介词是of，则在of前可以加上名词、代词、数词或者形容词最高级。There are different forms of energy，most of which come from the sun.We have tested three hundred types of boot，none of which is completely waterproof.It is
12、a family of five children，two of whom are studying music.China has thousand of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.“名词+of which”与指物的“whose+名词”可以互换，但是前者更为常用。 We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear. =We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. 由“名词、代词或数词+of whom（whi
13、ch）”引导的定语从句中，有时可以将“of whom（which）”移到这些词前面，其句意不变。 We have five instruments，of which three are precision ones.四 多用关系代词或被省略的情况1 当先行词为all，everything，something，anything，nothing，none，little，much时，常用关系代词that引导定语从句，that作宾语时常被省略。Is this all that is left？I have explained everything （that） I can to you.Is ther
14、e anything （that） I can do for you？Nothing （that） you do will make any difference.I hope that the little that I have been able to do has been of some use.近年来，在书面语中，尤其在文学作品中，有时用which代替that。 The earth provides everything which you have.2 当先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词及only，any，no修饰时，常用关系代词that引导定语从句，that作宾语时常被省略。He
15、 is the kindest man （that） I know.The first thing （that） we should do now is to work out a plan.The only thing that matters is to find our way home.You can take any room （that） you like.There is no difficulty （that） we cannot overcome.3 当定语从句的谓语为there be时，作主语的关系代词常可以省略。That is all （that） there is to
16、 it.五 非限制性定语从句1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能用that，关系代词和关系副词都不能省略，主句与从句之间要用逗号分开。Alexander Bell，who invented the telephone，was an American scientist.My vacation，when I can get some rest，is coming soon.2 非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which有时不代表主句的一个词，而是代表主句的整个意思或部分意思。He tore up my photo，which upset me.They have invited me to din
17、ner，which is very kind of them.3 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词as代表主句的整个意思，在从句中作主语或宾语。这种用as引导的非限制性定语从句不同于别的定语从句，它可以位于主句前，也可以位于主句之后或主句之间。As is very likely，he will fail.As you know，materials expand and contrast with the increase and decrease of temperature.Taiwan，as is known to all，belongs to China.Air，as we know，is
18、 a gas.He was absent，as is often the case.He is a foreigner，as you know from his accent.4 在非限制性定语从句中，关系形容词which可以代表主句的整个意思，也可以代表主句中某个词的意思，在从句中作定语。We told him to consult a doctor，which advice he took.He goes to bed at nine，at which hour she locks all the doors and windows.六 定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句用来修饰主句中的先
19、行词，起定语作用，用关系代词或关系副词引导；同位语从句用来说明主句中某一名词的具体内容，起同位语作用，通常用连词that引导。 The fact that we talked about is very important.The fact that the Chinese people invented the compass is known to all.同位语从句除了用连词that引导外，有时还可以用连词whether或连接代词、连接副词引导。 Here is a question whether we can finish the work within two days. They
20、 are discussing seriously the matter where and how they can get fresh water.同位语从句通常用在下列名词之后：thought，fact，news，idea，truth，hope，question，problem，evidence，proof，discovery，danger，conclusion，rumor，fear，doubt，belief，confidence，probability，possibility，likelihood，certainty，understanding，impression，suggestio
21、n。也可以用在下列短语之后：on condition，on the understanding，in spite of the fact，with the exception，on the ground（s），on the supposition。 The thought that the child might catch cold troubled the mother. All of us know the truth that the world is made of matter.Is there any proof that the watch is his？I have the
22、impression that you both graduated there.I will sell you this camera on condition that you pay in cash.In spite of the fact that they were tired，the students continued their journey.She was dismissed on the ground that she was dishonest.有时同位语从句与被说明的名词被其他成分隔开。 The order soon came that we should get to the destination in half an hour.学科网（北京）股份有限公司