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1、Southern LiteraturevI.The SouthvII.Southern RenaissancevIII.The“Lost Cause”YearsvIV.Major ThemesvV.CharacteristicsvVI.Major WritersI.The SouthvTheareaknownastheSouthhasbeendescribedasstretchingfromtheGulfCoaststatesthroughTennessee,Kentucky,andtheCarolinastoVirginiaandMaryland.II.Southern Renaissanc
2、e vthereinvigorationofAmericanSouthernliteraturethatbeganinthe1920sand1930sIII.The“Lost Cause”YearsvPriortothisrenaissance,Southernwriterstendedtofocusonhistoricalromancesaboutthe“LostCause”oftheSouthsCivilWardefeatthe“idyllicculture”thatexistedbeforethewar(knownastheAntebellumSouth)vTheSouthlostthe
3、CivilWarsufferedaharshoccupation(Reconstruction)vThesewritersidealizedthedefeatedSouthitslostculturevIn1884,MarkTwainpublishedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finnarguablythemostinfluentialsouthernnovelofthe19thcenturyIV.Major FeaturesvtwistedvpessimisticvviolentvdistortedvgothicV.focusesvtheimportance
4、offamilyvsenseofcommunityvimportanceofreligionvimportanceoftimeandplacevexplorationofthepastvsenseofhumanlimitation(moraldilemma)vuseofsouthernvoiceanddialectVIVI.Southern Myths Southern Myths guilt,failure,povertyv1.Chevalierheritagev2.Agrarianvirtuev3.Plantationaristocracyv4.Lostcausev5.Whitesupre
5、macyv6.PurityofwomanhoodVIIVII.Three major themesThree major themesv1)burden of historyv2)conservative culturev3)racial issuesVIII.VIII.Major South WritersvKateChopin,凯特凯特肖邦肖邦,1851-1904vEllenGlasgow,格拉斯哥格拉斯哥,1873-1945vKatherineAnnePorter,安安波特波特,1890-1980vWilliam Faulkner,福克纳福克纳,1897-1962vAllenTate,艾
6、伦艾伦泰特泰特,1899-1979vMargaretMitchell(1900-1949)Gone with the Wind vErskineCaldwell(1903-1987):Tobacco RoadvEudoraWelty(1904-2001)vRobertPennWarren(1905-1989)vLillianHellman(1905-1984)vRichardWright(1908-1960):Native Son,土生子土生子vTennesseeWilliams(1911-1983):A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车欲望号街车vCarsonMcCul
7、lers(1917-1967):The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter心是孤独的猎人心是孤独的猎人vFlanneryOConnor(1925-1965)A Good Man is Hard to Find,好人难寻好人难寻vHarperLee(1926-)To Kill a Mockingbird,杀死一只知更鸟杀死一只知更鸟vAliceWalker(1944-)The Color Purple,紫色紫色vAmongthewritersoftheSouthernRenaissance,WilliamFaulknerisarguablythemostinfluentialand
8、famous,havingwontheNobel Prize inLiteraturein1949.William FaulknerWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962)(1897-1962)vawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1949v“forhispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel”vThemanhimselfneverstoodtallerthanfivefeet,sixinchestall,butintherealmofAmericanli
9、terature,WilliamFaulknerisagiant.William Faulkner in 1961,wearing his Farmington Hunt Club riding habit.I.I.Life:Larger than LifeLarger than LifevFaulknerlivedacolorfullifeandpromotedsomeverycolorfulrumorsabouthimself.vHelikedspreadingandaddingtothestoriestoldabouthimsomuchthathistorianshavetroubled
10、eterminingexactlywhatFaulkneractuallydidandwhatstoriesaresimplyrumorsheendorsed.vBornWilliamCuthbertFalknerinNewAlbany,Mississippi.vtheeldestsonofhisfamilyvFaulknerwasraisedinandheavilyinfluencedbythestateofMississippi,aswellasbythehistoryandcultureoftheSouthasawhole.vWhenhewasfouryearsold,hisentire
11、familymovedtothenearbytownofOxford,wherehelivedonandofffortherestofhislife.vOxford:themodelforthetownofJeffersoninhisfictionvLafayetteCounty,Mississippi:themodelforYoknapatawphaCountyvUnabletojointheUSArmybecauseofhisheight,(55)vfirstjoinedtheCanadianvthentheBritishRoyalAirForcevyetdidnotseeanyWorld
12、WarIwartimeactionvFaulknerhimselfmadethechangetohislastnamein1918uponjoiningtheAirForce.vButaccordingtoonestory,acarelesstypesettersimplymadeanerror.vItisbelievedthatFaulknerattendedtheUniversityofMississippiforacoupleyears,buthedidnotgraduatewithadegree.vHespenttimedriftingfromjobtojob,includingwor
13、kingasabookstoreclerk.vWhenthemisprintappearedonthetitlepageofFaulknersfirstbookandtheauthorwasaskedaboutit,hesupposedlyreplied,“Eitherwaysuitsme”.Faulkner in Paris vAlthoughFaulknerisheavilyidentifiedwithMississippi,hewaslivinginNewOrleansin1925whenhewrotehisfirstnovel,Soldiers Pay,afterbeinginflue
14、ncedbySherwoodAndersontotryfiction.The only known photograph of William Faulkner(right)with his eldest brother,John,was taken in 1949vAttheageof32,FaulknersettleddownandmarriedEstelleFranklin,awomanhehadknowninhighschoolbuthaddriftedapartfromforoveradecade.vAtthispoint,Faulknerbeganwritingseriously.
15、vWithinthreeyearshehadthreebookspublished:The Sound and the FuryAs I Lay DyingLight in AugustvInthe1940s,FaulknerstruggledonandoffuntilhepublishedIntruder in the Dustin1948,whichwasasuccessbothinprintandfilm.vFaulknersfameandacclaimstemfromhisnovels,novellas,andshortstories.vHewas,however,apublished
16、poetandasometimescreenwriteraswell.William Faulkner in HollywoodvIn1949,FaulknerwontheNobelPrizeforliterature,whichthrusthimintothespotlight.vFaulknerenjoyedgreatfameandrespectfromthispointon,bothforsubsequentworksandhispreviousworks.vservedasWriter-in-ResidenceattheUniversityofVirginiafrom1957until
17、hisdeathatWrightsSanitoriuminByhalia,Mississippiofaheartattackattheageof64.vMostofFaulknersworksaresetinhisnativestateofMississippi,andheisconsideredoneofthemostimportant“Southernwriters”,alongwithMarkTwain,FlanneryOConnor,EudoraWelty,andTennesseeWilliams.II.II.AchievementsvWinnerofthe1949NobelPrize
18、vregardedasanimportantinterpreteroftheuniversalthemeof“theproblemsofthehumanheartinconflictwithitself.”vexperimentedintheuseofstream-of-consciousnesstechniquethedislocationofnarrativetimevPhilipRothsaid:“Thebackboneof20th-centuryAmericanliteraturehasbeenprovidedbytwonovelists-WilliamFaulknerandSaulB
19、ellow.”“TogethertheyaretheMelville,Hawthorne,andTwainofthe20thcentury.”PointsofviewvHe generally shows a grim picture of human society where violence and cruelty are frequently included,but his later works showed more optimism.vPrimarydutyofawriter:exploreandrepresenttheinfinitepossibilitiesinherent
20、inhumanlife.observewithnojudgmentwhatsoeverreduceauthorialintrusiontothelowestminimumremindhisreadersconstantlyoftruevaluesandvirtuesvHisintentionwastoshowtheevil,harsheventsincontrasttosucheternalvirtuesaslove,honour,pity,compassion,self-sacrifice,andtherebyexposethefaultsofsociety.v“I decline to a
21、ccept the end of man.”William Faulknerv“The past is never dead.Its not even past.”Gavin Stevens The1949NobelPrizeforliteraturev“for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”Nobel Prize SpeechvIfeelthatthisawardwasnotmadetomeasaman,buttomywork-alifesworkintheagon
22、yandsweatofthehumanspirit,notforgloryandleastofallforprofit,buttocreateoutofthematerialsofthehumanspiritsomethingwhichdidnotexistbefore.v我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人而我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人而是授予我的工作的是授予我的工作的-授予我一生从授予我一生从事关于人类精神的呕心沥血的工作。事关于人类精神的呕心沥血的工作。我从事这项工作，不是为名，更不我从事这项工作，不是为名，更不是为利，而是为了从人的精神原料是为利，而是为了从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不曾有过
23、的东西。中创造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。vThepoets,thewritersdutyistowriteaboutthesethings,itshisprivilegetohelpmanendure,liftinghisheart,byremindinghimofthecourage,andhonorandhopeandcompassionandpityandsacrificewhichhavebeenthegloryofhispast.v诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作家的特权就是去鼓舞来。诗人和作家的特权就是去鼓舞人的斗志、使人记住过去曾经有过人的
24、斗志、使人记住过去曾经有过的光荣的光荣-人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神神-以达到永恒。以达到永恒。vAllhislifeWilliamFaulknerhadavoidedspeeches,andinsistedthathenotbetakenasamanofletters.“Imjustafarmerwholikestotellstories.”heoncesaid.v“Nomatterhowpiercingandappallinghisinsights,thedesolation(忧伤忧伤,悲哀悲哀)creepi
25、ngoverhisouterworld,thelurid(血红的血红的,耸人听闻的耸人听闻的)lightsandshadowsofhisinnerworld,thewritermustlivewithhope,workinfaith.”J.B.PriestleyMajorthemes1.historyandracevHeexplainsthepresentbyexaminingthepast,bytellingthestoriesofseveralgenerationsoffamilytoshowhowhistorychangeslife.2.Deterioration3.Conflictsb
26、etweenvgenerationsvclassesvracesvmanandenvironmentv4.darksidehorrorviolencetheabnormalFeaturesofhisworksvFaulknerisknownforanexperimentalstylewithmeticulousattentiontodictionandcadence.vmeticulousmitikjlsa.一丝不苟的,精确的vIncontrasttotheminimalistunderstatementofhispeerErnestHemingway,Faulknermadefrequent
27、useof“streamofconsciousness”inhiswriting.vFaulknersometimesusesthestream-of-consciousnesstechniqueinthefirstthreechaptersofhismasterpieceThe Sound and the Fury.stream-of-consciousnesstechniquevtoemphasizethereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrator.vtheinteriormonologue:toexplorethenatureofhumanconsciou
28、snessCaddyJasonQuentinDilsayBanjovHisstoriesoften:highlyemotionalsubtlecerebralcomplexsometimesGothicorgrotesquevawidevarietyofcharactersranging:fromformerslavesordescendentsofslaves,topoorwhite,agrarianfromworking-classSoutherners,toSouthernaristocratsvThemostcharacteristicwayofstructuringhisstorie
29、sistofragmentthechronologicaltime.vJuxtaposethepastwiththepresent.vmultiplepointsofviewgavethestoryacircularform,oneeventiscentered,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit,ordifferentpeoplerespondingtothesamestory.vsymbolism,mythologicalandbiblicalallusionSplexplotv2.techniqueofstreamofconsciousnessv
30、3.multiplepointofview,circularformv4.violationofchronologyv5.language:courtroomrhetoricformallanguagethedialectsoftheMississippicharacters,includingNegroesv6.characterization:probeintothepsychologyofcharactersv7.“anti-hero”:weak,fable,vulnerable(truepeopleinmodernsociety)v8.syntax:complex,longandemb
31、eddedsentencescompoundedadjectivesswellinghissentencesMajor WorksMajor WorksvSoldiers Pay,士兵的军饷士兵的军饷,1926vSartoris,沙多里斯沙多里斯,1929vThe Sound and the Fury,喧哗与骚动喧哗与骚动,1929vAs I Lay Dying,我弥留之际我弥留之际,1930vSanctuary,圣殿圣殿,1931vLight in August,八月之光八月之光,1932vAbsalom,Absalom!押沙龙，押沙龙！押沙龙，押沙龙！,1936vThe Hamlet,村子
32、村子,1940vGo Down,Moses,去吧，摩西去吧，摩西,1942vThe Mansion,大厦大厦,1959vTheSoundandtheFury(Masterpiece)vAsILayDyingvTheTownYoknapatawphacyclev约克纳帕塔法县体系约克纳帕塔法县体系vacomdiehumaineoftheAmericanSouthvstartedwithSartoris in1929vcompletedwithThe Mansionin1959Yoknapatawpha CountyWelcometoYoknapatawphaCountyvCountyseatJe
33、fferson.HometotheCompson,Sartoris,Sutpen,Stevens,Coldfield,Benbow,Grierson,Bundren,DeSpain,andSnopesfamilies.Onceinhabited,latercededbytheChickasawtribe,firstsettledbyEuropeansca.1811.BoundedonthenorthbytheTallahatchieRiver,onthesouthbytheYoknapatawphaRiver.Area2400squaremiles.Population(ca.1936):Wh
34、ites,6298,Negroes,9313.AddressofWilliamFaulkner,NobellaureateThe Sound and the FuryvFaulkners4thnovelvhis1sttruemasterpiecevhisfinestworkvFaulknersownfavoritenovel,primarily,hesays,becauseitishis“mostsplendidfailure.”Contentsvv1.Explanationofthenovelstitlevv2.Thestructurevv3.MajorCharactersvv4.Theth
35、emesvv5.Narrativetechnique1.Explanation of the novels titlevThetitleofthenovelistakenfromMacbethssoliloquyinact5,scene5ofWilliamShakespeares Macbeth:vTo-morrow,and to-morrow,and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to dayTo the last syllable of recorded time,And all our yesterdays have light
36、ed foolsThe way to dusty death.Out,out,brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow,a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stageAnd then is heard no more:it is a taleTold by an idiot,full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing.2.The structurev4parts,eachtoldbyadifferentnarrator.Section1:April
37、Seventh,1928.”Section2:“JuneSecond,1910.”Section3:“AprilSixth,1928.”Section4:“AprilEighth,1928.”Geschke/EnglishIVAPTheSound&theFuryIntroductionCompsonFamilyTreeUncleMauryJasonCompsonIIICarolineCompson(Bascomb)QuentinCaddyJasonIVBenjy(bornMaury)MissQuentinSection1vtoldfromthepointofviewofBenjyCompson
38、,athirty-three-year-oldidiotv“taletoldbyanidiot”vrecountsviaflashbackstheearliesteventsinthenovel.Section2vfromQuentinsperspectivevthepresent-dayofthissectionisalmost18yearspriortothepresent-dayofBenjyssectionSection3vtoldbyJasonvsetonGoodFridayvUnlikehisbrothers,Jasonismuchmorefocusedonthepresent,o
39、fferingfewerflashbacksSection4vfromanomniscientviewpointvknownas“DilseysSection”valongsequencefollowsJasonashepursueshisniece,whohasstolenabout$7,000fromhim,to“Mottson”.3.Major Charactersv(1)Quentinv(2)Candace“Caddy”v(3)Jasonv(4)Benjamin(“Benjy”)v(5)MissQuentinCompsonv(6)DilseyGibson(1)QuentinvTheol
40、destCompsonchild,passionateandneurotic(焦虑的焦虑的).vHecommitssuicideasthetragicculminationofthedamaginginfluenceofhisfathersnihilisticphilosophyandhisinabilitytocopewithhissisterssexualpromiscuity.(2)Candace“Caddy”vThesecondCompsonchildvstrong-willedyetcaringvBenjysonlyrealcare-givervQuentinsbestfriendv
41、AccordingtoFaulkner,thetrueheroofthenovel.vCaddyneverdevelopsavoice,butratherallowsherbrothersemotionstowardshertodevelophercharacter.(3)JasonvThebitter,racistthirdchildwhoistroubledbymonetarydebtandsexualfrustration.vHeworksatafarminggoodsstoreownedbyamannamedEarlandbecomesheadofthehouseholdin1912.
42、vHasbeenembezzlingMissQuentinssupportpaymentsforyears.(4)Benjamin(“Benjy”)vChristlikeCharactervThementallyretardedfourthchild,whoisaconstantsourceofshameandgriefforhisfamily,especiallyhismother,whoinsistedonhisnamechangetoBenjamin.vCaddyistheonlyfamilymemberwhoshowsanygenuinelovetowardshim.vHasanalm
43、ostanimal-like“sixthsense”aboutpeople.vSomecriticshavecharacterizedBenjyasaChristfigure,asBenjywasbornonHolySaturdayiscurrently33,thesameageasChristatthecrucifixion.vInterpretingBenjyasaChristfigurehasavarietyofpossibleimplications.va.BenjymayrepresenttheimpotenceofChristinthemodernworldandtheneedfo
44、ranewChristfiguretoemerge.vb.Alternatively,FaulknermaybeimplyingthatthemodernworldhasfailedtorecognizeChristinitsownmidst.(5)MissQuentinvDaughterofCaddyvgoestolivewiththeCompsonsunderJasonIVscare.vverywild,andeventuallyrunsawayfromhome.vOftenreferredtoasQuentinIIorMissQuentinbyreaderstodistinguishhe
45、rfromheruncle,forwhomshewasnamed.(6)DilseyGibsonvoneoftheservantsvAnobserveroftheCompsonfamilysdestruction.4.The themesvLoveGoneWrongvTimeinTurmoilvRebellionvDeathvBlamevTheCorruptionofSouthernAristocraticValuesvResurrectionandRenewalvTheFailureofLanguageandNarrativevOrderandChaosvthenovelisrecounti
46、ngthedeathofafamily,includingsomeofitsmembers,aswellasthedeclineofthetraditionalupper-classSouthernfamily.vThisisthesignificanceof“Thewaytodustydeath”Theme-timevInallfoursectionsofthenovel,however,timeisanimportantthemethatFaulknerdevelops.vThecentralcharactersofthefoursectionseachcopewithtimeinadif
47、ferentway.vInthefirstsection,Benjyssenseoftimeisdefective(有缺陷的).vHisthoughtsmovefrompresenttopasttimewithouttheabilitytograsptherealmeaningofevents.vBenjyisfreefromtimebecausehecannotunderstanditsimpactonhisfeelings.vQuentinseffortstocopewiththepresentareimpededbyhismemories.vHecannotacceptthechange
48、sinhislifethattimeinevitablybrings.vHissenseoflossovertheinnocenceofhischildhoodloveofCaddyisunbearable.vRatherthandealwithlifeschangesovertime,heputsanendtotimebycommittingsuicide.vJason,ontheotherhand,livesintimepresent.vBylivingintimepresent,Jasonreactstoeventsastheyoccur.vInthelastsectionofthebo
49、ok,Dilseyrepresentsanotherviewoftime.vHersisahistoricalview.vSheembracesallofherlifeexperiencesandthoseoftheCompsonswithareligiousfaithaboutthetimelessnessoflife.vHerviewmostcloselyreflectstheauthorsview-pointontime.vByhavingthenovelcoverfourdays,eachsectionrepresentingoneday,Faulknerisabletousetime
50、togivethenovelatightframework.ARoseforEmilyARoseforEmilyvv1.Introductionvv2.Narrationvv3.The plotvv4.Themesvv5.The Character analysis of Emilyvv6.Tonevv7.Stylevv8.Symbols1.IntroductionvFaulknersfirstshortstorypublishedinanationalmagazinein1930vThisstorytakesplaceinFaulknersfictionalcity,Jefferson,in