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1、现代西方文学理论与批评Modern WesternLiterary Theory and CriticismPart 1Part 1Part 1 IntroductionlConcepts:lCriticism:The reasoned discussion of literary works,an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures,in varying proportions:the defence of literature against moralists and censors,cla
2、ssification of a work according to its genre,interpretation of its meaning,analysis of its structure and style,judgment of its worth by comparison with other works,estimation of its likely effect on readers,and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and unde
3、rstood.(Oxford concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)Part 1Part 1lLiterary Theory literary theory is“speculative discourse on literature and on practice of literature.”It may include reflections on or analysis of general principles and categories of literature,such as its nature and function;its rela
4、tion to other aspects of culture;the purpose,procedures and validity of literary criticism;relation of literary text to their authors and historical contexts;or the production of literary meaning.(Zhu Gang)Part 1Part 1lModern:historical period from Renaissance to 20th century20th centurylWestern:Geo
5、graphical meaning:Europe and AmericaCultural meaning:Cultural community of develop capitalism countries,especially based on Christian tradition.lConclusion:Modern western literary theory and criticism are reasoned activities of discussion about literature in Western world in 20th century.Part 1Part
6、1lApproaches,schools and groupslScientism ApproachesRussian FormalismAnglo-American New CriticismCzech StructuralismFrench StructuralismPost StructuralismPart 1Part 1lHumanism ApproachesExistentialismPsychoanalysis CriticismPhenomenological CriticismHermeneutics Criticism解释学批评Reader-Response Critici
7、smFeminism CriticismPart 1Part 1lHistorical ApproachesMarxist CriticismNew HistoricismCultural StudiesPost-Colonial CriticismPart 1Part 1lCharacters:lTheorized:almost all of the schools of criticism have their particular theory.lAdapting theories or principles from their disciplines.lUnderstanding l
8、iterature in terms of its relations to history,politics gender,social class,race,mythology or psychology.lCritical tendency:many schools of criticism seek to influence on the social reality with in their historical context.Part 1Part 1lReferences and Further reading:lHandbook of critical Approaches
9、to Literature(Third Edition),Wilfred.L.Guerin(ed).lLiterary Theory from Plato to Barthes:An Introductory History,Richard.Harland,外语教学与研究出版社。lTwentieth Century Western Critical Theories,Zhu Gang,上海外语教育出版社。lSelective Readings in 20th Century Western Critical Theory,张中载，王逢振、赵国新编，外语教学与研究出版社。lLiterary th
10、eory,Jonathan Culler,Oxford University Press,1997.lA Readers Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory,Roman Roman Selden,Harvester Wheatsheaf,1989Selden,Harvester Wheatsheaf,1989.Part 2Part 2Part 2 The New CriticismlTimes:There are four periods:the initiative(1910-1930),the formative(1930-1945),the dom
11、inant(1945-1957),and normalization(1960s to the present).If we take T.E.Hume,a British aesthetician,or American poet Ezra Pound as the initiator of the New Criticism,then this school started in the 1910s.But the New Criticism rose formally in the 1930s when some critics established their theory in A
12、merica,and it became dominant criticism system in college and university English departments in the 1950s.Part 2Part 2lMembers:lFounders:I.A.Richards(1883-1981)T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)W.Empson.(1906-1984)lMasters:John Crowe Ransom(1888-1974)Allen Tate(1888-1979)Robert Penn Warren(1905-)Cleanth Brooks(19
13、06-1994)W.K.Wimsatt(1907-1975)Rene Wellek(1903-1995)Part 2Part 2lWorks:lI.A Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism(1924)Practical Criticism:A sturdy of Literary Judgment.(1929)lT.S.Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent.(1917)lWilliam Empson:Seven Types of Ambiguity(1930)lJohn Crowe Ransom:Poe
14、try:A Note in Ontology.(1934)The New Criticism(1941)Part 2Part 2lWorks:lAllen Tate:Tension in Poetry(1938)lCleanth Brooks:The Language of Paradox(1942)The Well-wrought Urn.(1947)Understanding Poetry.(1938,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding fiction.(1943,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding Drama
15、(1945,with Robert B.Heilman)Part 2Part 2lWorks:lW.K.Wimsatt:The Verbal Icon(1954)The Intentional Fallacy(1946,with M.C.Beardsley)The Affective fallacy(1949,with M.C.Beardsley)lR.Wellek:Theory of Literature(1949,with Austin Warren)History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950(1986)Part 2Part 2lIdeas:l The Ne
16、w Critics read the individual work of literary art as an organic form.They articulated the concept that in an organic form there is a consistency and an internal vitality that we should look for and appreciate.l One of the most salient considerations of the New Critics was emphasis on form,on the wo
17、rk of art as an object.Part 2Part 2l The New Critics sought precision and structural tightness in the literary work;they favored a style and tone that tended toward irony;they insisted on the presence within the work of everything necessary for its analysis;and they called for an end to a concern by
18、 critics with matters outside the work itself-the life of the author,the history of his times,or the social and economic implications of the literary work.Part 2Part 2lKeywords:lClose reading:A reading method that is the mark of the New Criticism,which takes work as a piece of textured literary art,
19、and only read the work itself.Close reading begins with sensitivity to the words of the text and all their denotative and connotative values and implications,then looks for structures,patterns and interrelationships in the text.Part 2Part 2lTension:A reading strategy offered by Allen Tate in 1938,th
20、at means a combination of extension and intension.It is also a New Critical standard for evaluating poetry and poets.lIrony:Irony involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.To I.A.Richards irony is bringing opposites to form a balance,while C.Brooks suggested irony is the stabilit
21、y of a context in which the internal pressures balance and mutually support each other.Part 2Part 2lThe intentional fallacy:A particular term proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley who argued that the design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the succe
22、ss of a work of literary art,and that a literary work,once published,belongs in the public realm of language,which gives it an objective existence distinct from the authors original idea of it.Part 2Part 2lThe affective fallacy:The affective fallacy is proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley that means a
23、confusion between the poem and its results(what it is and what it does),It begins by trying to drive the standard of criticism from the psychological effects of the poem and ends in impressionism and relativism.The outcome of either fallacy,the intentional or the affective,is that the poem itself,as
24、 an object of specifically critical judgment,tends to disappear.Part 3Part 3Part 3 The Psychoanalytical Criticism lTimes:Started from 1900 when S.Freud published his The Interpretation of Dreams,then extended to present.There are two important stages in the course of psychoanalytical criticism devel
25、opment.First is the phase of Freud.Second is the phase of Jacque Lacan.Part 3Part 3lMembers:l Founder:Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)lAdherent:Melanie Klein(1882-1960)Ernest Jones(1879-1958)Marie BonaparteNorman Holland(1927-)Jacque Lacan(1901-1981)Lionel Trilling(1905-1975)Part 3Part 3lWorks:lS.Freud:The
26、interpretation of Dreams(1900)Creative writers and Daydreaming lJacque Lacan The four Fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis(1977)Ecrits:A Selection(1966)Part 3Part 3lE.Jones:Hamlet and Oedipus(1910)lNorman HollandThe Dynamics of Literary Response(1968)Five Readers Reading(1975)lMelanie KleinNotes o
27、n Some Schizoid Mechanisms(1946)Some theoretical conclusion regarding the Emotional Life of the infantPart 3Part 3lFreuds ideasl Freud emphasized the unconscious aspects of the human psyche and provided convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we
28、have very limited control.lHe demonstrated that,like the iceberg,the human mind is structured so that its great weight and density lie beneath the surface.Part 3Part 3lAll human behavior is motivated ultimately by what we would call sexuality.Freud designates the prime psychic force as libido,or sex
29、ual energy.lHis another major premise is that because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses,many of our desires and memories are repressed.Part 3Part 3lKeywords lOedipus complex Freud borrowed this term from Greece classic Sophoclean tragedy in which the hero Oedipus unkn
30、owingly slew his father and married his mother.In psychoanalytical theory Oedipus complex derives from the boys unconscious rivalry with his father for the love of his mother.lUnconsciousness A mental process that is structured beneath the surface consciousness,and has no easy access to consciousnes
31、s,but must be inferred,discovered,and translated into conscious form in some special manners.Part 3Part 3lLibido Freud called by this name(Libido)the energy of those instincts which have to do with all that may be comprised under the word“love”.To Freud,“love”consists in sexual love with sexual unio
32、n as its aim,but he did not separate from this either the self-love or love for parents and children,friendship and love for humanity in general,and also devotion to concrete objects and to abstract ideas.Part 4Part 4Part 4 Western Marxist Criticism lTimes:Marxist Literary criticism can be divided i
33、nto three periods:Classical Marxism,early Western Marxism,Late Marxism.Early Western Marxism began with Georg Lukacs,then developed by“Institute of Social Research”in university of Frankfurt,Germany,Late Marxism started from 1960s and extended in the last years of the 20th century.Part 4Part 4lMembe
34、rs:lFounders:Georg Lukacs (1885-1971)Antonio Gramsci(1891-1937)lAdherents:Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)Thoedor W Adorno (1903-1969)Walter Benjamin (1892-1940)Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979)Leo Lowenthal(1900-1993)Part 4Part 4lLater:Louis Althusser (1918-1980)Raymond Williams (1921-1988)Terry Eagleton (1943
35、-)Fredric Jameson (1934-)Jurgen Habermas(1929-)Part 4Part 4lWorks:lGeorg Lukacs:History and Class Consciousness (1923)The Theory of Novel (1920)The Historical Novel (1962)The Meaning of Contemporary Realism (1963)lAntonio Gramsci:Prison Notebooks (1977)lT.W Adrono:Aesthetic Theory (1970)lWalter Benj
36、aminCharles Baudelaire:A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism (1973)Part 4Part 4lR.Williams:Marxism and Literature (1977)Culture and Society (1958)lT.Eagleton:Criticism and Ideology (1976)Marxism and Literary Criticism (1976)lF.Jameson:The Political Unconsciousness (1979)lL.Althusser:Lenin and P
37、hilosophy and Other Essays (1971)lLeo LowenthalOn Sociology of Literature (1932)Part 4Part 4lCharacters:lWestern Marxism turned Marxist criticism into a cultural critique from the philosophical perspective.lInterdisciplinarity is another feature of the Western Marxism.lResearching many new fields wh
38、ich Marx and Engels had never studied through associated with other new theories in 20th century.lCritical attitude towards new social problems emerged in the West world in 20th century.Part 4Part 4lKeywords:lIdeology:Ideology is idea or belief come from social classes in their relations with each o
39、ther.It is seen be rooted in the material conditions of the everyday life of classes,because classes are not equal,ideology is thought as a distorted representation of the truth,or“false consciousness”.Part 4Part 4lHegemony:The concept of hegemony was proposed by Italian Marxist theorist and activis
40、t Antonio Gramsci to understand how social groups organize their rule.He suggested that rule involves both domination and hegemony that is the organization of consent based on establishing the legitimacy of leadership and developing shared ideas,values,beliefs and meanings.Part 5Part 5Part 5 Feminis
41、m CriticismlTimes:There are three phase in feminism:first-wave(late 19th and early 20th century),second-wave and post-modern feminism.Second-wave Feminist criticism developed since the womens movement beginning in the early 1960s,and with womens studies programs growing in American higher education,
42、Feminism criticism divided into many types in 1970s and 1980s.E.Showalter identified four models of them:The biological,linguistic,psychoanalytic and cultural.Part 5Part 5lMembers:lMary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797)lVirginia Woolf(1882-1941)lSimone de Beauvoir(1908-1986)lKate MillettlElaine Showalter(19
43、41-)lToril Moi(1953-)lLillian RobinsonPart 5Part 5lMichele BarrettlSandra GilbertlSusan GubarlHelene Cixous(1937-)lJalis Kristeva(1941-)lLuce IrigaraylBarbara Smithlbell hooksPart 5Part 5lWorks:lMary Wollstonecraft:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1791)lVirginia Woolf:A Room of Ones Own(1929)l S
44、imon de Beauvoir:The Second Sex(1949)lKate Millett:Sexual Politics(1970)Part 5Part 5lElaine Showalter:A Literature of Their Own(1977)lHelene Cixous:The Laugh of the Medusa(1975)lMary Eagleton:Feminist Literary Criticism(1991)lSandra M.Gilbert and Susan GubarThe Madwomen in the Attic(1979)Part 5Part
45、5lJulia Kristeva:The Revolution of Poetic Language(1984)lLuce Irigaray:This Sex Which Is Not One(1985)Sexes and Genealogies(1993)lJudith Butler:Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity(1990)lbell hooks:Feminist Theory:From Margin to Center(1984)Part 5Part 5lIdeas:lFeminist literary cri
46、ticism is a political attack upon other modes of criticism and theory,and because of its social orientation it moves beyond traditional literary criticism.lFeminists believe that our culture is a patriarchal culture,that is,one organized in favor of the interests of men.lFeminist literary critics tr
47、y to explain how what they term engendered power imbalances in a given culture are reflected,supported,or challenged by literary texts.Part 5Part 5lFeminist critics focus on absence of women from discourse as well as meaningful spaces opened by womens discourse.lFeminist critics largely agree on a t
48、hreefold purpose:to expose patriarchal premises and resulting prejudices,to promote discovery and reevaluation of literature by women,and to examine social,cultural,and psychosexual contexts of literature and criticism.lFeminist critics wish to make us act as feminist readers;that is,to create”new c
49、ommunities of writers and readers supported by a language spoken for and by women.”Part 5Part 5lKeywords:lGender:There is an important distinction between sex and gender where sex describes biological or natural differences,while gender describes the social roles of masculinity and femininity,so gen
50、der is socially constructed.lPatriarchy:This was originally an anthropological term which describes a social system in which older men are entitled to exercise socially sanctioned authority over other members of the household or kinship group,both women and younger men.Part 6Part 6Part 6 Cultural St