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1、 Attributive clausesGrammar and usage(Revision)Revision 定语从句定语从句(attributive clauses)1.定义：定义：2.先行词先行词(antecedent)3.关系词关系词(relative words)关系词关系词 分类分类指人指人指物指物that which whosewho whom that whosewhen where why修饰主句中名词或代词的从句修饰主句中名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词词叫做先行词。叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词引导定语从句的
2、词叫做关系词。叫做关系词。relative pronouns （关系代词）（关系代词）relative adverbs:（关系副词）（关系副词）关系词在定语从句中可以作：关系词在定语从句中可以作：主主语语 宾宾语语 表表语语 定定语语 状状语语 the usage of the relative pronoun 关系关系代词代词指代在定语从句中所充当的成分人物句子主语宾语状语whowhomwhichthatwhose表语定语as定语从句中，关系代词常用定语从句中，关系代词常用that的情况：的情况：1.当先行词是当先行词是 all,everything,nothing,anything,non
3、e,little,much,the one等不定代词时等不定代词时,常用常用that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。1）There is nothing(that)I can do.2）This is all that is left.3）Have you got anything that belongs to me?特殊用法特殊用法 2.当先行词被当先行词被 all,any,every,no,the very,the only,just the等词修饰时，常用等词修饰时，常用that引导定语从引导定语从句。句。1)I have read all the books(that)you gave
4、me.2)You may take home any of these books that you like.3)The only thing that we can do is to wait.3.当先行词是当先行词是序数词序数词 形容词最高级形容词最高级或被或被序数词序数词(the first,the last等等)形容词最高级形容词最高级修饰时修饰时,常用常用that引导引导定语从句。定语从句。4.当先行词是两个或两个以上既当先行词是两个或两个以上既有人有人又又有物有物时，时，常用常用that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。1)He talked about the teachers an
5、d schools that they knew.5.当当关系代词关系代词在定语从句中作在定语从句中作表语表语时，无论先行词时，无论先行词是人还是物，常用是人还是物，常用that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。1）He is no longer the man that he used to be.6.有两个定有两个定语语从句，其中从句，其中一个关系代一个关系代词词已用已用which，另外一个宜用，另外一个宜用that。eg.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.7.主句是由主
6、句是由which或或who引引导导的特殊疑的特殊疑问问句句。eg.Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?只用只用who,不用不用that 的情况：的情况：（1）先行词是）先行词是one，ones，anyone,those的的时候：时候：eg.One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.The ones who flatter me dont please me.Anyone who _(f
7、ail)to finish the task should be punished.Those who _(fail)to finish the task should be punished.failsfail（2）一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定）一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为语从句的关系代词为that，另一个则用，另一个则用who。eg.The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.(3)在在there be开头的句子中开头的句子中eg.There is
8、an old man who wants to see you.There are many young men who are against him.关系副词的用法关系副词的用法关系副关系副词词可代替的先行可代替的先行词词是是时间时间、地点或理由的、地点或理由的名名词词，在从句中作状，在从句中作状语语。关系副关系副词词when,where,why的含的含义义相当于相当于介介词词+which结结构，因此常常和构，因此常常和介介词词+which结结构构交替使用。例如：交替使用。例如：There are occasions on which（when）one must yield.任何人都有不得
9、不屈服的任何人都有不得不屈服的时时候。候。Beijing is the place in which（where）I was born.北京是我的出生地。北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason for which（why）he refused our offer?这这就是他拒就是他拒绝绝我我们们帮助他的理由帮助他的理由吗吗？特别提醒：特别提醒：1.当先行词是当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等名词时，等名词时，后面的定语从句关系词后面的定语从句关系词的使用有两种情况：的使用有两种情况：1 1）当先行词在从句中作）
10、当先行词在从句中作主语或宾语主语或宾语时用时用which/thatwhich/that引导。引导。2 2）当先行词）当先行词在从句中作在从句中作状语状语时常用时常用where where 来引导。来引导。试比较：试比较：The case _she explained was common.Well see a case _ the music could cure people.that/which/-where2.2.当先行词当先行词wayway 意为：意为：方式，方法方式，方法时，引导定时，引导定语从句的关系词有两种情况：语从句的关系词有两种情况：1）当）当way在从句中充当在从句中充当主
11、语或宾语主语或宾语时，用时，用which/that引导。引导。2 2）当）当wayway在从句中作在从句中作方式状语方式状语时，时，用用in which或或that或省略关系词或省略关系词三种形式。三种形式。试比较：试比较：The way _ he recommended to us was quite simple.The way _ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.that/which/-that/in which/-判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词 用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于
12、用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中所从句中所缺的成分缺的成分。若从句中缺少主语或宾语，就必须用。若从句中缺少主语或宾语，就必须用关系代词；若从句中主谓宾齐全即不缺主语也不关系代词；若从句中主谓宾齐全即不缺主语也不缺宾语就用关系副词。缺宾语就用关系副词。例如：例如：This is the mountain village _I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days _ I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。wherewhen当关
13、系代词作当关系代词作介词介词的的宾语宾语时时,我们通常把介词我们通常把介词放在关系代词之前来引导定语从句放在关系代词之前来引导定语从句,就是用就是用介词介词+which/whom来引导。来引导。注意：注意：1）这时关系代词这时关系代词 which 或或 whom不能不能用用 that 或或 who来代替。来代替。2）which 或或 whom 也不能省略。也不能省略。你有没有看到那座房子？它的屋顶是红的。你有没有看到那座房子？它的屋顶是红的。Do you see the house?Its roof is red.Do you see the house whose roof is red?D
14、o you see the house the roof of which is red?Do you see the house of which the roof is red?roofthe roofConclusion:关系代词关系代词 whose 可以用可以用 of which来替换来替换,但要注意但要注意它的形式和位置。它的形式和位置。the roof注意注意非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限定性定语从句起非限定性定语从句起补充说明补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号逗号隔开隔开，
15、如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前，如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。后都需要用逗号隔开。（由关系词（由关系词which,who,whom,whose,where,when或或as引导，关系词在定引导，关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语和状语等。语从句中作主语、宾语、定语和状语等。）eg.(1)The new student comes from Henan Province,_ is quite far away.(2)Our Emglish teacher,_ we talked about just now,teaches very well.that
16、不可用于非限制性定语从句不可用于非限制性定语从句whichwho/whom(3)Soon they came to a restaurant,_ they had a rest.(4)I saw a shop,in front of _ sat a small boy.(5)My mother,_ health is not very good,goes to the park every day to do some exercise.(6)_ we all know,health is priceless.wherewhichwhoseAsas和和which引导的非限制定语从句：引导的非限
17、制定语从句：as引导非限制性定语从句，既可在引导非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前主句前，又可，又可在在主句后主句后，有时还可，有时还可插入主句插入主句中，常译为中，常译为“正如正如”，而，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于于主句之后主句之后。相同的是。相同的是两者都可指代整个主句的两者都可指代整个主句的内容。内容。eg.He came to our company finally,_ meant he had been rejected by other companies._ could be expected,we jumped with joy at t
18、he news.whichAsWe are facing the same problems _ we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as/so many words _ a dog does.We hope to get such a tool _ he is using.Hes such a good student _ everyone likes.Hes such a good student _ everyone likes him.asasasasthatThis is the
19、reason _ he did not came to the meeting.We are not satisfied with the reason _ he gave us.whythat/which/-This is one of the best books _.A.that have ever been written B.that has ever been written C.that has written D.that have writtenShe is not the only one of the girls _ well in class.A.which sings
20、 B.who sing C.who sings D.who to sing Is this factory _ we visited last week?DIs this the factory _ we visited last Week?A、where B、thatC、to which D、the oneB解题关键：如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈解题关键：如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式。述句式。Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.A、whereB、thatC、of whomD、whichA先行词是先
21、行词是situation,case,scene，一，一般用般用where14.This is the same pen _I lost yesterday.A.as B.that C.the one D.A&B D比较：比较：.the same pen as I lost.the same pen that I lost.表示这支笔与我不见的那支很像，不一定就是表示这支笔与我不见的那支很像，不一定就是则表示这支笔就是我不见的那支则表示这支笔就是我不见的那支.The teacher gave us so difficult a problem _ we couldnt solve.The teacher gave us so difficult a problem _ we couldnt solve it.A.as B.that C.which D.the onesABso.that 后面跟的是一个结果状语从句后面跟的是一个结果状语从句