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1、扬 州 大 学2022年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码241 科目名称若港 满 分 注 意：认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；所有答案必须写在圈题绸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回!Part One Use of EnglishDirections:There are 20 blanks in the fallowing passage.For each blank there are four choicesmarked A),B)f C)and D).You should choose the ONE that best fits into t
2、he passage and writeyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points,1 point for each)Communicating clearly-to your boss,co-workers,friends,children,spouse-is a criticalpart of your success and your _ 1_ to improve the conditions you live and work in.Many peoplethink that good communication is bom,not _
3、2_,and that some people are just _ 3_ goodspeakers and motivators.They think the rest of us are just _ 4_ to sit on the sidelines.Communication is a habit.And being a habit,it can be _ 5_ and mastered.It is _ 6_ animportant habit,in fact,that it _ 7_ its own step,its own place _ 8_ the path to succe
4、ss.Ifs also a little different._ 9_ the other good habits you are trying to _ 10_,this one isnot just _ 11_ self-directed control and inner fbcus.Communication is interaction outsideyourself with other people,and about the ability to gauge(测量，衡量)a _ 12_ so that youconvey the right thing at the _ 13_
5、 time.Life is about the _ 14_ with other people:those above us(our boss),those _ 15_ us(ouremployees and children).The _ 16_ of communication is about how to make _ 17_ with eachof these groups so that they can help you achieve your _ 18_?and you,in turn,can help themachieve theirs.For even though y
6、ou are on the road to self-improvement,its not a _ 19_ youretaking in a vacuum.If you cant communicate with people,you have dramatically _ 20_ you chances forsuccess.1.A)abilityB)partC)desireD)intention2.A)formedB)builtC)producedD)made3.A)clearlyB)naturallyC)obviouslyD)simply4.A)destinedB)devotedC)d
7、elightedD)decided5.A)affectedB)createdC)moldedD)learned6.A)butB)justC)suchD)so7.A)deservesB)declaresC)affirmsD)confirms8.A)alongB)forC)withD)on9.A)UnlikeB)LikeC)AsD)Despite第 1 页 共 9 页科 目 代 码 241 科目名称甚蚤 满分四。10.A)maintainB)trainC)nourishD)establish11.A)merelyB)aboutC)theD)fbr12.A)plightB)circumstanceC
8、)situationD)surrounding13.A)rightB)trueC)improperD)exact14.A)talkingB)contactingC)mixingD)dealing15.A)aroundB)besideC)underD)by16.A)technologyB)craftC)artD)technique17.A)friendsB)contactC)peaceD)through18.A)resultsB)effectsC)purposesD)goals19.A)journeyB)routeC)processD)course20.A)lostB)ruinedC)narro
9、wedD)worsenPart Two Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:In this section,there are 4 passages.Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A)f B)t C)and D),Youshould decide on the best choice and write your answers on the ANSWE
10、R SHEET.(40 points,2points for each)Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:In the earliest stages of mans development he had no more need of money than animalshave.He was content with very simple forms of shelter,made his own rough tools and weaponsand could provide food and clothing
11、for himself and his family from natural materials aroundhim.As he became more civilized,however,he began to want better shelter,more efficient toolsand weapons,and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his ownneighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands.For t
12、hese things he had to turn to theskilled people such as smiths,leather workers or carpenters who were springing up everywhere.Itwas then that the question of payment arose.At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange.The smith who had not thetime to look after land or cattle was gl
13、ad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for anaxe or a plough.But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on themarket,exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory.Another problem arose when thosewho made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather,or iron
14、,but had nothing to offer inexchange until their finished goods were ready.Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money.In somecountries,easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer,instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giv
15、ing him some meat or grain,gave him so many第 2 页 共 9 页科 目 代 码241 科目名称芸蚤 满 分 出shells.If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food,he could get stocks of the rawmaterials of his trade.In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flatstones were used for trade
16、.Later,pieces of metal,bearing values according to the rarity of themetal and the size of the pieces,or coins were used.Money as we know it had arrived.21.Why were early men content with their simple life?A)They did not have money.B)They had no better tools than their rough ones.C)They had been civi
17、lized.D)They lived in self-sufficiency.22.As men became more civilized t hey.A)got things from other skilled handsB)had to travel a lot to look for what they wantedC)all learnt to make what they wanted themselvesD)found everything from their neighborhood23.The word“rarity”(Line 6,Para.3)me a n s.A)v
18、alue B)purity C)unusualness D)bareness24.The system of exchange got difficult because this kind of thing h a p p e n e d:.A)the shoemaker could not get leather from the hunter because the hunter had no leatherB)the hunter would not exchange his leather for shoes because he did not want any shoesC)th
19、e hunter would not give leather to the shoemaker because the shoemaker had no shoesready to give himD)the hunter could not get leather from the shoemaker because the hunter had no shoes25.Money was not used unt i l.A)an urgent need fbr it was feltB)the exchange of one thing for another became too co
20、mplicatedC)nothing could be offered in exchangeD)a simple process of exchange came to be practicedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see onTV.The first difference is that a policemans real life revol
21、ves round criminal law.He has toknow exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court.Hehas to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer,and what is more,he has to apply it onhis feet,in the dark and rain,running down a street after someone he wants to talk
22、 to.Little of his time is spent in chatting.He will spend most of his working life typing millionsof words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad,unimportant people who are guilty ofstupid,petty crimes.第 3 页 共 9 页科 目 代 码 241 科目名称英港 满 分 皿Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal:
23、as soon as hes arrested,the story isover.In real life,finding criminals is seldom much of a problem.Except in very serious cases likemurders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching.Having made an arrest,a detective really start to work.He has to prove his case in court andto do tha
24、t he often has to gather a lot of different evidence.At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasantpressures:first,as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordancewith the law.Secondly,as expensive public servants they have to g
25、et results.They can hardly everdo both.Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world,the world often deceives him.Hardly anyone hemeets tells him the truth.And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest ofthe world
26、 is deepened by the simple-mindedness,as he sees it,of citizens,social workers,doctors,law-makers,and judges,who,instead of eliminating crimes,punish the criminals less severely inthe hope that this will make them reform.The result,detectives feel,is that nine-tenths of theirwork is re-catching peop
27、le who should have stayed behind bars.This makes them rather cynical.26.Why criminal law is very important in real policemens life?A)They hope to become professional lawyers.B)They hope to become judges one day.C)They need to chase after the murders.D)They need to justify the arrests he makes of cri
28、minals.27.Which of the following facts is true of a real policeman?A)He spend most of his work time chasing after the criminals.B)He spend much of his work time discussing the case with others.C)In most cases,they spend little effort finding criminals.D)In most cases,they spend much time patrolling
29、the street,rain or shine.28.According to the passage,a real policeman must f eel.A)disastrous B)deteriorating C)distressing D)jubilant29.Why do the real policemen feel the pressure in their work?A)He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way.B)He has to justify his ar
30、rests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases.C)He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerouscriminal cases.D)He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense.30.Why do policemen feel separated from the rest of the
31、 world?A)Because they do not receive due support from society.B)Because they have different opinions on punishing the criminals.C)Because they feel superior to simple-minded people around them.D)Because they are suspicious of the people around them.第 4 页 共 9 页科 目 代 码 241 科目名称英蚤 满 分 遒Questions 31 to
32、35 are based on the following passage:Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every personaboard and,in many cases,a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children.According to UnitedStates Coast Guard requirements,life preservers must be simple in design,r
33、eversible,capable ofbeing quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual,and must be so designed as to supportthe wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.Sufficient buoyancy to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48hour in the water,and it sh
34、ould be reliable even after long period of storage.Thus it should bemade of materials resistant to sunlight,gasoline,and oils,and it should be not easily set on fire.The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into thewater is most important,as is its tendency t
35、o turn the wearer in the water from a face-downposition to an upright or slightly backward position,with his face clear of the water,even whenthe wearer is exhausted or unconscious.The method of adjustment to the body should be simple,and self-evident to uninitiatedpersons even in the dark under the
36、 confused conditions which follow a disaster.Thus,the lifepreserver should be reversible,so that it is nearly impossible to set it on wrong.Catches,straps,and ties should be kept to a minimum.In addition,the life preserver must be adjustable to thewide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers,since th
37、is greatly affects the position of floating andthe self-righting qualities.A suitable life preserver should also be comfortable to wear at all times,in and out of the water,not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship isin danger,nor so burdensome that it hinders a person
38、in the water while trying to swim.31.What the main topic of the passage?A)The usefulness of life preservers.B)The design of life preservers.C)The materials for life preservers.D)The buoyancy of life preservers.32.According to the passage,a life preserver should be,first and f o r e m o s t,.A)adjust
39、able B)disastrous C)burdensome D)self-righting33.The life preserver is NOT required by United States Coast Guard to be ma d e.A)with as few strings as possible B)capable of being worn on both sidesC)according to each wearers size D)comfortable and light to wear34.What does the uninitiated individual
40、”(Line 4,Para.1)refer to?A)The person who has not been instructed how to use a life preserver.B)The person who jumps or falls into the water.C)The person who uses a life preserver without permission.D)The person who becomes nervous before a disaster.35.What would happen if a person were supported by
41、 the life preserver in a wrong position?A)The waves would move him backwards.B)The water would choke him.C)He would immediately sink to the bottom.第 5 页 共 9 页科 目 代 码 241 科目名称差蚤 满 分 侬D)He would be exhausted or unconscious.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:A water-covered planet fa
42、cing a water crisis seems paradoxical.And yet that is exactly thereality on planet Earth,where 97 percent of the water is too salty to quench human thirst or toirrigate crops.Tackling water-shortage issues with desalination-drawing fresh,drinkable waterout of salty seawater_ is common in the desert
43、nations of the Middle East,the Caribbean and theMediterranean.But as the cost of desalination drops and the price and demand for water climb,countries in temperate regions are turning more and more to the sea.People have been pulling freshwater out of the oceans for centuries using technologies that
44、involve evaporation,which leaves the salts and other unwanted constituents behind.Salty sourcewater is heated to speed evaporation,and the evaporated water is then trapped and distilled.Thisprocess works well but requires large quantities of heat energy,and costs have been prohibitivefor nearly all
45、but the wealthiest nations,such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.To make the processmore affordable,modem distillation plans recycle heat from the evaporation step.A potentially cheaper technology called membrane desalination may expand the role ofdesalination worldwide,which today accounts fbr less than
46、0.2 percent of the water withdrawnfrom natural sources.Membrane desalination relies on reverse osmosis-a process in which athin,semipermeable membrane is placed between a volume of saltwater and a volume offreshwater.The water on the salty side is highly pressurized to drive water molecules,but not
47、saltand other impurities,to the pure side.In essence,this process pushes freshwater out of saltwater.Most desalination research over the past few years has focused on reverse osmosis,becausethe filters and other components are much smaller than the evaporation chambers used indistillation plants.Rev
48、erse-osmosis plants are also more compact and energy-efficient.Although reverse-osmosis plants can offer energy savings,the earliest membranes,madefrom either polyamide fibers or cellulose acetate sheets,were fragile and had short life spans,often no longer than three years.These materials are highl
49、y susceptible to contaminants in thesource water-particularly chlorine,which hardens the membranes,and microbes,which clogthem.A new generation of so-called thin composite membranes,made from polyamide films,promises to eliminate these problems.Though still susceptible to contamination,these newmemb
50、ranes are sturdier,provide better filtration and may last up to 10 years.Technical performance is important,but it alone does not drive the adoption of desalinationas a source of clean water.With or without technical improvements,the market for desalinationequipment will very likely show healthy gro