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1、高中英语语法总结:动词的时态与语态一般时态所谓一般时态,表示既不“进行”,又 不“完成”。We have meals three times a day.般时态一般现在时一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态一般将来时表小将来某时刻的动作或状态,或带来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.我小时候常去那
2、个公园玩。(过去的习惯)1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加S或e s,其变化规则如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况加-Shelps,eats,rises,reads以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-o 结尾的动词加-esdiscussdiscussesteach_*teaches以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词变 y 为 短carry-*carriesflv_*flies(2)一般现在时的用法一般现在时除了可以表示现在的经常性、习惯性动 作或存在的状态外,还可表不:客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去语境中,也用
3、一般现在时。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。用于here,there开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。There goes the bell.铃响了。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。2.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况Ini-edpack-packed以辅晋字母加y 结尾的动词变 y 为-财cany-carriedm a r ry f m a rried以个辅兽字母结尾的近读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-edplan-plannedch
4、aff chatted以不发普的-e结尾的动词直接加-dlike-*likedprovide f provided(2)一般过去时的用法一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态外,还有以下用法:want,hope,think,intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原.”之令.忌0I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。He didn,t intend to hurt you.他本来没打算伤害你。wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。I wondered if you could
5、do me a favour.我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。used to+动词原形,表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)3.一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成shall+动词原形(第一人称)will+动词原形(各种人称)(2)一般将来时的用法一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或存在的状态外,还有以下用法:will+动词原形will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。will表示将来,有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。Fish will die with
6、out water.离开水,鱼就会死。Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗?不知道。我现在就去看他。be going to+动词原形“be going to+动词原形”多用在口语中,表 示“计划、打算要做某事,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。Look at the dark clouds.It is going
7、to rain.看这些乌云,要下雨了。be about to+动词原形/be on the point of+动名词“be about to+动词原形”及be on the point of+动名词”表 示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,因此,这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(=and at that time)引出的分句连用。The train is about to start火车就要开了。The plane is on the point of taking off.飞机马上就要起飞了。有些动词如come,go,arrive,leav
8、e,begin,start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。r m leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情,这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。We must hurry up.The first class begins at eight o clock.我们必须快点。第一节课将在八点开始。be to+动词原形用法例句去 示“按计划或安排即将要做的本”She is to get married next month.她将f 下个月结始。表 示“按照职责、义
9、务、规定等应该做某在 ,和巧于 should,ought toYou are to report it to the police.你应该报警。去示注定要发生的事情Your plan is to be a failure.你的计划注定要失败。4.过去将来时(1)过去将来时的构成should/would+动词原形(2)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。He said he would be here at nine o clock.他说他将在九点钟到这里。进行时态1.进行时态的构成(1)考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时,
10、它们的形式分别为:现在进行时:am/is/are+现/E分词,过去进行时:was/were+现在分词将来进行时:will/shall+be+现/E分词(2)现在分词的构成形式:情况规则例词般情况Ifll-ingtrytrying以一个辅普字母结尾的重读用普节动词双写辅音字母加-ipgregret-*regrettingban f banning以不发音的-e 结尾的动词去掉e,加hate_*hatingdate f dating2.进行时态的用法(1)进行时态表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性的特点。I dont really work here;I am j
11、ust helping out until the new secretaryarrives.我并不在这里上班,我只是来帮忙,直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)I am reading the book;I will finish it in a week.我正读那本书,一周后我就会读完了。(未完成性)(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,但此时此刻动作不一定正在进行,常与these days,this week等时间状语连用。We are making preparations for the final examination these days.这些天我们在为期末考试做准备。(此
12、时此刻不一定在做)(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用。He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同样的错误。(4)有些动词的进行时态可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)完成时态1.现在完成时(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有:lately,recently,in the
13、 last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in the past few years.在过去的几年里杭州发生了巨大的变化。(2)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有:already,just(刚刚),yet,before等。He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他
14、已经关掉灯了。(3)在“最高级+名词”或 It/This is+the first/second.time”之后的定语从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语;若要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换。He has come to Beijing since last year.(x)He has lived in Beijing since last year.(J)部分非延续性动词(短语
15、)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换:买 buyhave借 borrow-keep结婚get married-be married认识get to know-know离开leave-*be away回来come back,-be back生病fall ilHbe ill死亡diebe dead关闭turn off-*be off才 丁 开turn onbe on动身leave for be off to变成 become-*be返回returnTbe back开始beginbe on睡觉go to bed sleep穿put onhave on/wear来/去come/gobe in/away参
16、力 口joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep至U达get to/arrive in(at)/reach be in/stay2.过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。She had learned some English before she came to our school.她在来我们学校前已学过一些英语了。(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间,还可能持续下去,常用的时间状语有:by/until/b
17、efore/by the end of+“表示过去的某一时间”。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时,他已学了三年英语了。(3)表示愿望、打算的词,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,supposed,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)(4)用于某些固定句型中:(DHardly/Scarcely/Rarely.when 和No sooner.than 句型中,when和than从句里用一般过去时,主
18、句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表 示“刚刚就.”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。It was/had been+一段时间+since从句。since从句的谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。That/lt/This was the first/second.time+that从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。It was the third time
19、(that)he had left the key at home.那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。3.将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们就都成为大学生了。被动语态被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态;需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。被动语态与时态结合,形成各种时态下的被动语态:现在时过去时将
20、来时过去将来时一般式am/is/are donewas/were donewill/shallbe donewould/shouldbe done进行式am/is/arebeing donewas/werebeing done完成式have/hasbeen donehadbeen donewill/shallhave beendonewould/should havebeen done1 .使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.f An interesting b
21、ook was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.f I was given an interesting book(by my friend)on my birthday.(2)主动变为被动时,宾语成主语;(作补语的)不定式前需加t。(位置不变)。The boss made him work all day long.-*He was made to work all day long(by the boss).(3)短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of(by her).Y
22、our pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.(4)情态动词,be going to,be to,be sure to,have to等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。We can repair this watch in two days.f This watch can be repaired in two days.当句子的谓语为say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report等时,被动语态有两种形式:谓语动词用被动语态,动词不
23、定式作主语补足语。用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。People say he is a smart boy.f He is said to be a smart boy.-*lt is said that he is a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.-*lt is known that paper was made in China first.名师指津 类似句型有:It issaid/known/suggested
24、/believed/hoped/thought that.2.不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)表示状态的谓语动词,如:last,hold,contain,fit,cost等。(2)表示归属的动词或短语,如have,own,belong to等。表 示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词,如:wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。(4)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。(5)宾语是同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词等,谓语动词不用被动语态。3.主动形式表示被动意义(1)当连系动词feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后面接形容词时;当cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时;当动词表 示“开始,结束,关,停,转,启动”等意义时。The flowers smell sweet.花儿散发着芳香。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。(2)当break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out等动词表示“发生,关闭,制定”等意思时。The lamps on the wall turned off.墙上的灯熄灭了。