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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 高中英语语法专题讲解与练习 动词的时态与语态 织金一中 雷娟秀动词的时态英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时间主要有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。中学课本中需掌握的时态主要有九种：时态的构成形式列表： 按时间分按方式分现在过去将来过去将来一般I doI didI shall doI should do进行I am doingI was doingI shall be doingI should be doing完成I
2、have doneI had doneI shall have doneI should have done完成进行I have been doingI had been doingI shall have been doingI should have been doing一、 一般现在时1） 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves a
3、round the sun. 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much.。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homew
4、ork now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the str
5、eet. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came t
6、omorrow.4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some.比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. D
7、arby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 典型例题- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its .
8、 A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow
9、? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorro
10、w, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the b
11、ell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
12、下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 现在完成时用来表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作或状态，也可表示过去某时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。I have been to shanghai.He hasnt given me any more trouble since then.1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动
13、作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight,
14、this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so ea
15、rly? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）T
16、om wrote a letter to his parents last night. 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing. 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： T
17、his is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 典型例题（1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even
18、, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month. Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty ye
19、ars.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 2） since
20、 +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 1） 概念：表示过去某一时刻或某动作之前完成的动作或状态。-|-|-|- 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard
21、, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3）过
22、去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题 The students _ busily when
23、Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意：had hardly when还没等 就。例如：I had hardly opene
24、d the door when I he hit me. had no soonerthan 刚 就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时
25、。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、1） 构成will have done2） 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will
26、 have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. d. 与always, c
27、onstantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind.典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存
28、在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love,
29、 hate等。例如：I need your help. 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice.4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3） 常
30、用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例题1） Mary _ a dress whe
31、n she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个
32、长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：Shell be coming soon. Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow,
33、 in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：He is g
34、oing to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 典型例题（1）He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeeded C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此
35、处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 （2） 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。） 1 ） 书上说，报纸上说等。例如： The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如： Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins. 1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , unders
36、tand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如： I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。2） 用句型 It is since代替It has been since 。例如：It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。在Here comes/There goes等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例
37、如： There goes the bell. 铃响了。1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? We are leaving soon. 2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如： He is dying. 动词的语态有两种：一种是主动语态（主语是动作的执行者），另一种是被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。被动语态的构成： 助动词be +（not）+（及物动词的）过去分词 此时，由助动词be来反映时态的变化，常见有以下八种形式：一般现在时am+过去分词
38、现在进行时am+being+过去分词isisareare一般过去时was+过去分词过去进行时was+过去分词werewere一般将来时will+be+过去分词过去将来时would+be+过去分词shallshould现在完成时have+been+过去分词过去完成时had+been+过去分词has 情态动词 +（not）+ be +（及物动词的）过去分词can+be+过去分词maymust3主动语态变为被动语态的方法：主动语态： 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 （执行者） （承受者）被动语态： 主语 + be + 过去分词（+ by + 执行者） （承受者） 一般省略 被动语态的用法：1. 当不知
39、道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时（如例句1）。2. 当需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时（如例句2）。 附例句：1. 自从1988年以来，工人们建造了三座大桥。The workers have built three bridges since 1988.（主动语态）Three bridges have been built (by the workers) since 1988.（被动语态）（推荐）2. 那个学校教日语。 Japanese is taught in that school. 注意：感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前
40、要加to。例如： The teacher made me go out of the classroom. - I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）. We saw him play football on the playground.- He was seen to play football on the playground.被动语态中的特殊用法：1. 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing
41、 has never been heard of before. ，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如： It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that 众所周知It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that据建议It is taken
42、 granted that 被视为当然It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remember that 务必记住的是1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如： After the fire, very little r
43、emained of my house. 比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 （错） The price has been risen. （对） The price has risen. （错） The accident was happened last week.（对） The accident happened last week. （错） The price has raised.（对） The price has been raised. （错） Please seat. （对） Please be seated.要想正确地使用
44、被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：This key just fits the lock. Your st
45、ory agrees with what had already been heard. 3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如： （对） She likes to