2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题.pdf

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1、2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题(总分:14.7 5,做题时间:180分钟)一、Section I Use of English(总 题 数:I,分数:0.00)1.Di r e c t i o n s:Tr a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t i n t o Ch i n e s e.Wr i t e y o u r t r a n s l a t i o n o n t h e ANSWER SHEET.Th e i d e a t h a t p l a n t s h a v e s o m e d e g r e

2、e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s f i r s t t o o k r o o t i n t h e e a r l y 2000s;t h e t e r m “p l a n t n e u r o b i o l o g yw w a s _ _ _ Al _ a r o u n d t h e n o t i o n t h a t s o m e a s p e c t s o fp l a n t b e h a v i o r c o u l d b e A2 t o i n t e l l i g e n c e i n a n i m a l

3、 s.A3 p l a n t sl a c k b r a i n s,t h e f i r i n g o f e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l s i n t h e i r s t e m s a n d l e a v e s n o n e t h e l e s st r i g g e r e d r e s p o n s e s t h a t A4 c o n s c i o u s n e s s,r e s e a r c h e r s p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d.Bu t s u c h

4、a n i d e a i s u n t r u e,a c c o r d i n g t o a n e w o p i n i o n a r t i c l e.Pl a n t b i o l o g y i s c o m p l e x a n df a s c i n a t i n g,b u t i t _ A5 _ s o g r e a t l y f r o m t h a t o f a n i m a l s t h a t s o-c a l l e d _ _ _ _ A6o f p l a n t s i n t e l l i g e n c e i s

5、 i n c o n c l u s i v e,t h e a u t h o r s w r o t e.Be g i n n i n g i n 2006,s o m e s c i e n t i s t s h a v e _ _ _ _ A7 _ _ _ _ t h a t p l a n t s p o s s e s s n e u r o n-l i k e c e l l st h a t i n t e r a c t w i t h h o r m o n e s a n d n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r s,A8“a p l a n

6、t n e r v o u s s y s t e m,A9 t o t h a t i n a n i m a l s,w s a i d l e a d s t u d y a u t h o r Li n c o l n Ta i z,Th e y A10_ _ _ _ c l a i m e d t h a t p l a n t s h a v e b r a i n-l i k e c o m m a n d c e n t e r s ,a t t h e i r r o o t t i p s.”Th i s A12 m a k e s s e n s e i f y o u

7、s i m p l i f y t h e w o r k i n g s o f a c o m p l e x b r a i n,A12 i t t o a n a r r a y o f e l e c t r i c a l p u l s e s;c e l l s i n p l a n t s a l s o c o m m u n i c a t e t h r o u g he l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l s.A13 _ _ _,t h e s i g n a l i n g i n a p l a n t i s o n l y A14s

8、i m i l a r t o t h e f i r i n g i n a c o m p l e x a n i m a l b r a i n,w h i c h i s m o r e t h a n “a m a s s o f c e l l s t h a tc o m m u n i c a t e b y e l e c t r i c i t y,w Ta i z s a i d.“Fo r c o n s c i o u s n e s s t o e v o l v e,a b r a i n w i t h a t h r e s h o l d _ _ _ _ A

9、15 _ _ _ _ o f c o m p l e x i t y a n dc a p a c i t y i s r e q u i r e d,h e _ A16_ _ _ _.Si n c e p l a n t s d o n t h a v e n e r v o u s s y s t e m s,t h e_ _ _A17 _ t h a t t h e y h a v e c o n s c i o u s n e s s a r e e f f e c t i v e l y z e r o.An d w h a tr s s o g r e a t a b o u t

10、c o n s c i o u s n e s s,a n y w a y?Pl a n t s c a n t r u n a w a y f r o m A18,s o i n v e s t i n g e n e r g y i n a b o d y s y s t e m w h i c h A19 a t h r e a t a n d c a n f e e l p a i nw o u l d b e a v e r y A20 e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y,a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a r t

11、i c l e.(分数:1.95)(1).Al(分数:L O O)A.c o i n e d VB.d i s c o v e r e dC.c o l l e c t e dD.i s s u e d解析:逻辑关系题。分号提示分号前后语义一致。根据分号前的firs t(首次)和took root(生根)可知,plantshave some degree of consciousness(植物有某种程度的意识)在当时是种新思想。据此推断,the termaplant neurobiology w是个新概念。A项coined表 示“创造(新词语)”,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为A项。(2

12、).A2(分数:0.05)A.attributedB.directedC.compared JD.confined解析:固定搭配题。分号提示分号前后语义一致。根据分号前plants have some degree of consciousness(植物有某种程度的意识)可知:植物有意识。这种意识与空白处后的intelligence in animals(动物的智力)二者存在相似性。C项compared与lo构成固定搭配,表示“表明.与.相似;将.比作“,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。(3).A3.(分数:0.05)A.UnlessB.W henC.OnceD.Though J解析

13、:逻辑关系题。本题考查句内逻辑关系,比较本句前后两个半句语义,即plants lack brains(植物缺乏大脑)和 the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggeredresponses(然而,茎和叶发射的电信号触发了反应),可知二者存在语义相反。D项Though(虽然,尽管)提示让步关系,属于语义相反,符合原文逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项Unless(除非),B项When(当时),C项Once(一旦),均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(4).A4(分数:0.05)A.c

14、oped wi thB.consisted ofC.hinted at JD.extended to解析:固定搭配题。根据空白处前后的responses(反应)和consciousness(感觉;意识)语义可知,前者是后者的一种信号。C项hinted a t为固定搭配,表示“暗示,透露”,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。干扰项:A项coped with(处理,对付),B项consisted of(由.构成),D项extended to(将范围扩大至)均不符合原文语义。(5).A5 _ (分数:0.05)A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differs J解

15、析:语境题。根据本段段首such an idea is untrue对上段观点(植物意识和动物智力存在相似性)的否定可知:植物意识和动物智力并不相似。所以,本题所考查的it(指代Plant biology)和that ofanimals(th at指代biology)之间的语义关系为二者相异。D项differs(相异,不同于)代入后符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项suffers(受苦,受难),B项benefits(得益于),C项develops(发展,变化)均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(6).A6 _(分数:0.05)A.acceptanceB.evidence JC

16、.cultivationD.creation解析:语境题。上句such an idea is untrue是对上段末句(植物的反应体现其意识)的否定,也就是说,本段主要观点为:植物没有意识(智力)。本句 so-called 6 of plants intelligence is inconclusive(所谓的“植物智力”的6是没有说服力的)也需与本段主要观点保持一致。B项evidence(证据)代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项acceptance(同意,认可),C项cultivation(种植,栽培),D项creation(创造)均不符合原文语义。(7).A7(分数:0

17、.05)A.doubtedB.deniedC.argued JD.requested解析:语境题。比较本句 scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that(科学家们一直7 植物具有.神经元样细胞)和下句 They 10 claimed that plants have*brain-1 ike commandcenters(他 们10声称植物有”大脑般的指挥中心”),可知,二者结构相似:scientists和They,后者指代前者,二者同义;plants原词复现;possess(拥有)与have二者同义。所以,空白处语义与

18、下句对应位置的claimed(声称)语义相近。C项argued(主张,提出理由说明)符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。干扰项:A项doubted(怀疑),B项denied(否认),D项requested(要求),均不符合原文语义。(8).【A8L (分数:0.05)A.adaptingB.forming JC.repairingD.testing解析:语境题。比较空白处前neuronTike cells that*(.神经元样细胞)和空白处后a plant nervoussystem(植物神经系统),可知,前者是后者的构成要素。B项forming(使形成)代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为

19、B项。干扰项:A项adapting(使适应),C项repairing(补救,纠正)和D项testing(测验,考查)均不符合原文语义。(9).A9 (分数:0.05)A.analogous JB.essentialC.suitableD.sensitive解析:语境题比较空白处前a plant nervous system(植物神经系统)和空白处后Ihal in animals(动物的神经系统,其中,th at指代a nervous system)可知,二者同为神经系统。A项analogous表示“相似的,类似的”,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项essential(必不

20、可少的),C项suitable(适用的)和D项sensitive(敏感的)均不符合原文语义。(10).A10 (分数:0.05)A.justB.everC.stillD.even J解析:逻辑关系题。本题考查句间逻辑关系,比较本句claimed that plants have ibrain-like commandcenters*(声称植物拥有“大脑般的指挥中心”)和上句some scientists have 7 that plants possessneuron-like cells(一些科学家一直7植物拥有神经元样细胞)语义可知,从 对I植物有意识的论证力度上来说,“大脑般的指挥中心”

21、比“神经元样细胞”更进一层。D项even(甚至)提示递进关系,符合原文逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项just(仅仅),B项ever(从来,在任何时候),C项still(还,还是),均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(11).All (分数:0.05)A.restrictionB.experimentC.perspective VD.demand解析:逻辑关系题。This+空白处指代上段提到的信息;上段主要提出了 Taiz的观点、论点,因此空白处语义表示观点、论点。C项perspective(观点)是对该句的概括,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。干扰项:A项restrictio

22、n(限制),B项experiment(实验),D项demand(要求),均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(12).A12 (分数:0.05)A.attachingB.reducing JC.returningD.exposing解析:固定搭配题。空白处所在的状语结构,是对主句谓语simplify(使简化)的一种伴随状态,所以,空白处语义与simplify(使简化)语义相近。B项reducing与介词to搭配,表 示“将概括为(或简化为)”,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为B项。干扰项:其余各项均可与介词to构成不同搭配,A项attachingto(把.固定在.上),C项returningto(

23、把.带回.,把.送回.),D项exposingto(向.显露.),均不符合原文语义。(13).A13 (分数:0.05)A.However VB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise解析:逻辑关系题。本题考查句间逻辑关系,比较空白处前cells in plants also communicate throughelectrical signals(植物中的细胞也通过电信号沟通)和空白处后the signaling in a plant is only14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is

24、more than“a mass of cellsthat communicate by electricity(植物中的信号传导只是14类似于复杂动物大脑中的放电,而动物大脑不只是“通过电进行交流的大量细胞”)语义,可知,空白处前后存在语义相反:前者的also(也)强调植物和动物(在信号沟通方式上)的相似之处,后者的0nlysimilar(仅仅相似的)弱化了该相似。A项Howeve(然而)体现转折,属于语义相反,符合原文逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项Moreover(而且),C项Therefore(因此),D项Otherwise(否则),均不符合原文逻辑关系。(14).A14

25、(分数:0.05)A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficially VD.imaginarily解析:语境题。根据后半句 which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity(动物大脑不只是“通过电进行交流的大量细胞”)可知,动物大脑更复杂,动物大脑和植物智力间更多的是相异,所以,前半句的相似(similar)是并不充分的。C项superficial ly(表面上地)代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。干扰项:A项temporarily(临时地),B项literally(真正地,

26、确实地),D项imaginarily(虚构地),均不符合原文语义。(15).A15 (分数:0.05)A.listB.level VC.labelD.load解析:语境题。根据本句 For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity andcapacity is required(意识想要进化,需要一个具有起始1 5的复杂性和容量的大脑)并结合threshold(起始的)语义可知,本句对complexity and capacity(复杂性和容量)的要求(required)是一种程度上的要求。B项level

27、(水平)代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项list(清单),C项label(标签),D项load(负荷),均不符合原文语义。(16).A16 一(分数:0.0 5)A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.added J解析:语境题。本句是引语,出自he,h e指代上段末句T a i z,观察发现:上段末句也是出自T a i z的引语。比较上段末句 a complex animal brain,which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate byelectricity(动物大脑不只是“通过电进行交

28、流的大量细胞”)和本句For consciousness to evolve,abrain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required(为了使意识进化,需要一个具有 起 始1 5的复杂性和容量的大脑)语义,可知,后者在对前者作进一步阐述。D项added(补充说,继续说)代入后最符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项recalled(记起,回忆起),B项agreed(表示“同意,赞同”,用于与别人观点相同时),C项questioned(怀疑),均不符合原文语义。(17).A17 一(分数:0.05)A.chanc

29、es VB.ri sksC.excusesD.assumptions解析:逻辑关系题。Since(由于)提示因果关系:plants don t have nervous systems(植物没有神经系统)为因,the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero(它们所拥有意识的 17 实际上为零)为果。由因推果可知,缺乏神经系统,意识也不会存在。A项chances(机会,可能性)代入后符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项risks(风险),C项excuses(借口),D项assumptions(假定,假设)均不

30、符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(18).A18 一(分数:0.0 5)A.danger VB.failureC.w a r n i n gD.c o n tr o l解析:逻辑关系题。s。(所以)提示句内因果关系:s。前为因,s。后为果。根据“i n a w a y f r o n i(回避)可知,空白处语义为负面倾向。借助果,即 s o 后的 th r e a t(威胁)可知,空白处语义与“威胁”语义相近。A项d a n g e r (危险)代入后符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项 f a i l u r e(失败),C项 w a r n i n g(警告),D项 c o

31、n tr o l (控制)均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(1 9).A 1 9 (分数:0.0 5)A.r e p r e s e n tsB.i n c l u d e sC.r e v e a l s VD.r e c o g n i z e s解析:逻辑关系题。a n d 提示顺承关系,属于语义一致:1 9 a th r e a t(1 9 一种威胁)与 c a n f e e l p a i n(可感知疼痛)二者结构相似,语义相近。D项 r e c o g n i z e s(识别)代入后符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项 r e p r e s e n ts(代

32、表,意味着),B项 i n c l u d e s(包括),C项 r e v e a l s(揭示,显示),均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。(2 0).A 2 0 (分数:0.0 5)A.h u m b l eB.p o o r JC.p r a c ti c a lD.e a s y解析:逻辑关系题。s o 提示因果关系:P l a n ts c a n t r u n a w a y(植物不能逃离.)为因,i n v e s ti n ge n e r g y i n a b o d y s y s te m w h i c h 1 9 a th r e a t a n d c a n f e

33、 e l p a i n w o u 1 d b e a v e r y 2 0 e v o l u ti o n a r ys tr a te g y(把能量投入到一个1 9 威胁并能感知疼痛的身体系统将是一种非常20的进化策略)为果。由此推知,因为(即使植物能感知到疼痛也)不能逃掉,所以把能量投入到一个能威胁和感知疼痛的身体系统上,是一种非常20的进化策略,即本句意在指出:既然不能跑,那么就无须进化到可以感受疼痛。所以,空白处的语义应为负面的,能体现出进化到能威胁和感知疼痛是种不够好的策略。B项 p o o r (不好的,次的,差的)代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项

34、humb le(不大的,没有特别之处的),C项 p r a c tic a l(有用的,适用的)和 D项 e a s y (容易的,轻易的)均不符合原文语义。二、Section II Reading Comprehension(总题数:6,分数:0.00)2.P a r t ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C orD.Mark your answers on the A N SW ER SHEET.Text 1People often c

35、omplain that plastics are too durable.Water bottles,shopping bags,and othertrash litte r the planet,from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench,because plastics areeverywhere and don t break down easily.But some plastic materials change over time.Theycrack and frizzle.They weep out additives.They melt

36、into sludge.All of which createshuge headaches for institutions,such as museums,trying to preserve culturally importantobjects.The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:early radios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloid animation s tills from Disney films,the first a rtific ia l heart.Certain art

37、ifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn,talways know how to mix ingredients properly,says Thea van Oosten,a polymer chemist who,until retiring a few years ago,worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of theNetherlands.It s like baking a cake:If you don t

38、have exact amounts,it goes wrong,she says.The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes,it s not the artist*s fault.In the 1960s,the Italian artist Piero Gilardibegan to create hundreds of bright,colorful foam pieces.Those pieces included small bedsof roses and other items as well as a f

39、ew dozen nature carpetsw-large rectanglesdecorated with foam pumpkins,cabbages,and watermelons.He wanted viewers to walk around onthe carpets一which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately,the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable.It s especiallyvulnerable to light damage,and by the mid

40、-1990s,G ilardiJ s pumpkins,roses,and otherfigures were splitting and crumbling.Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her col leagues worked to preserve G ilardi s sculptures.They infused somewith stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls those chemicals“sunsc

41、reens“because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild wornpolymer fibers.She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again,albeitsometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories 1 ike van Oosten,s,preservation of plastics wi11 likely get harder.Old obj

42、ects continue to deteriorate.Worse,biodegradable plastics,designed todisintegrate,are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistantprofessor of conservation and restoration at the N O V A School of Science and Technology,notes that archaeologis

43、ts first defined the great material ages of human history-Stone Age,Iron Age,and so on-after examining artifacts in museums.W e now live in an age of plastic,she says,“and what we decide to collect today,what we decide to preserve will have astrong impact on how in the future we 11 be seen.(分数:1.8 0

44、)(1).A c c o r d in g to P a r a gr a p h 1,mus e ums a r e f a c e d with d if f ic ultie s in .(分数:1.0 0)A.ma in ta in in g the ir p la s tic ite ms JB.o b ta in in g d ur a b le p la s tic a r tif a c tsC.ha n d lin g o utd a te d p la s tic e xhib itsD.c la s s if y in g the ir p la s tic c o ll

45、e c tio n s解析:本题为细节题。根据题干关键词P a r a gr a p h 1 和mus e ums a r e f a c e d with d if f ic ultie s in 定位至悌一段句:A ll o f whic h c r e a te s huge he a d a c he s f o r in s titutio n s,s uc h a s mus e ums,tr y in gto p r e s e r ve c ultur a lly imp o r ta n t o b je c ts.(所有这些给一些机构带来了巨大的麻烦,比如试图保护具有重要文

46、化意义的物品的博物馆)。其中a ll o f whic h指代上文至句所提到的塑料材料的种种问题:B ut s o me p la s tic ma te r ia ls c ha n ge o ve r time me lt in to s lud ge.(一些塑料材料随着时间的推移而改变.融化成污泥),可见,博物馆在维护其塑料藏品方面有困难。A项 ma in ta in in g the ir p la s ticite ms(维护他们的塑料藏品i)是对至句的概括总结,ma in ta in 对应p r e s e r ve。所以本题选A。(2).Va n O o s te n b e l

47、ie ve s tha t c e r ta in p la s tic o b je c ts a r e .(分数:0.2 0)A.immun e to d e c a yB.imp r o p e r ly s ha p e dC.in he r e n tly f la we d JD.c o mp le x in s tr uc tur e解析:本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Va n O o s te n b e lie ve s tha t c e r ta in p la s tic o b je c ts a r e 定位到第二段句(其中 c e r ta in p la s t

48、ic o b je c ts 对应 C e r ta in a r tif a c ts):C e r ta in a r tif a c ts a r ee s p e c ia lly vuln e r a b le b e c a us e s o me p io n e e r s in p la s tic a r t d id n t a lwa y s kn o w ho w to mixin gr e d ie n ts p r o p e r ly,s a y s The a va n O o s te n(The a va n O o s te n 说,某些手工艺品特别脆弱

49、,因为一些塑料艺术的先驱并不总是知道如何正确地混合原料)。可见,某些塑料艺术品在制作过程中就存在原料未能正确混合的问题,导致塑料艺术品本身就存在缺陷。C 项 in he r e n tly f la we d(本身存在缺陷)是对句的概括总结。所以本题选C。(3).M us e ums s to p p e d e xhib itin g s o me o f G i l a r d i s a r t w o r k s t o .(分数:0.2 0)A.k e e p t h e m f r o m h u r t i n g v i s i t o r sB.d u p l i c a t

50、 e t h e m f o r f u t u r e d i s p l a yC.h a v e t h e i r i n g r e d i e n t s a n a l y z e dD.p r e v e n t t h e m f r o m f u r t h e r d a m a g e J解析:本题为细节题。根据题干关键词 M u s e u m s s t o p p e d e x h i b i t i n g s o m e o f G i l a r d i s a r t w o r k s t o定位到第四段句。句指出 I t s e s p e c i

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