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1、2023新课标版英语高考第二轮复习专题十二猜测词义Passage 1（2021 北京,C）Hundreds of scientists,writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter publishedlast December:Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse.Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread
2、 collapse as“a credible scenario（情景）thiscentury”.A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events,food insecurity,and freshwater shortages mightcreate global collapse.Of course,if you are a non-human species,collapse is well underway.The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is esp
3、ecially germane in this moment ofstill-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the worlds most technologically advanced nations.Notvery long ago,it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would beproven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.The internatio
4、nal scholars9 warning letter doesnt say exactly what collapse will look like or when itmight happen.Collapseology,the study of collapse,is more concerned with identifying trends and with themthe dangers of everyday civilization.Among the signatories（签署者）of the warning was Bob Johnson,theoriginator o
5、f the ecological footprint“concept,which measures the total amount of environmental inputneeded to maintain a given lifestyle.With the current footprint of humanity,it seems that global collapse iscertain to happen in some form,possibly within a decade,certainly within this century,Johnson said in a
6、nemail.Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,the December warning letter says,can wehave the hope to reduce their speed,severity and harm”.And yet messengers of the coming disturbance arelikely to be ignored.We all want to hope things will turn out fine.As a poet wrote,Man is
7、 a victim of dope（麻醉品）In the incurable form of hope.The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent（执着）on quieting hope that ignorespreparedness/Lefs look directly into the issue of collapse/9 they say,“and deal with the terrible possibilitiesof what we see there to make the best of a trou
8、bling future.1 .What does the underlined word“germane“in Paragraph 3 probably mean?第1页 共4 2页A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.2.As for the public awareness of global collapse,the author is.A.worried B.puzzled C.surprised D.scared3.What can we learn from this passage?A.The signatories may
9、 change the biophysical limits.B.The author agrees with the message of the poem.C.The issue of collapse is being prioritized.D.The global collapse is well underway.答案语篇解读本文为说明文，主题语境是人与自然,主题语境内容是人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系。文章通过介绍科学家、作家和科研人员联名签署公开信一事向人类发出了警告:政策制定者和我们其他人必须公开面对全球崩溃的风险。1.D解 题 指 导 词 义 猜 测 题。根据画线词汇出现的
10、位置将答案区域锁定在第三段第一句中。解析本题题干意为:第三段中画线的单词“germane”可能是什么意思?根据画线单词所在句子“The callfor public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of.”可矢U,即使在世界上技术最发达的国家,大流行病和经济危机仍未得到控制，在这种情况下,呼吁公众参与到这些以前无法想象会发生的事情中去是尤为重要的。故选择relevant“有重大关系的，相关的”。2.A 解题指导 推理判断题。根据题干中的“the public awareness of gl
11、obal collapse”可将答案区域锁定在第五段。解 析 本 题 题 干 意 为:关 于 公 众 对 全 球 崩 溃 的 意 识,作 者 是。根据第五段最后两句可知，公众对于目前发生的各种危机只是被动地希望糟糕的情况会自己慢慢好起来，就像诗中所说的，人类像是被毒品麻醉一样，空抱希望而不做任何处理危机的准备。可推知作者对于公众对全球崩溃的意识是担忧的。3.B解 题 指 导 推 理 判 断 题。本题要从全文入手寻找具体信息来推断四个选项的正误。解析 本题题干意为:我们能从这篇文章中了解到什么?A选项根据关键词“the biophysical limits”可锁定在第五段第一句，可知签署者仅仅是
12、希望公众关注生物物理极限带来的后果，并早做准备应对，并没有提到要改变生物物理极限，故为错误选项。B选项根据关键词“poem”可知，公众只是默默地希望危机过去而不做准备，而文章想通过公开信警示人们面对全球崩溃的问题,故可知作者同意诗中的信息，故为正确选项。C选项意为:崩溃的问题正在被优先考虑。明显与文章主旨不符，文章正是想通过公开信呼吁公众考虑崩溃问题。故为错误选项。D选项意为:全球崩溃已经开始了。根据关键词“well underway”锁定在第第 2页 共，4 2 页二段最后一句if you are a non-human species,collapse is well underway”如
13、果你是非人类的话，那么崩溃实际上已经开始了。故为错误选项。解题思路推理判断题要求读者在正确理解作者所述客观事实、正确理解作者的主观态度和观点以及写作意图的基础上，推测作者在文章中未提到的事实或者事情的起因、结果或可能性等。推理判断题中的干扰项有:1）有悖常理干扰;2）偏离主题干扰;3）错误依据干扰;4）错误逻辑干扰。难句分析原句:Not very long ago,it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety netswould be proven so disastrously lac
14、king in flexibility.分析:that引导主语从句,and连接并列结构。译文:就在不久前，人们还无法想象一种病毒会让一些国家关闭，安全网络会被证明是如此灾难性地缺乏灵活性。Passage 2（2021 天津春,B）About five weeks ago,I noticed the skin of our pet lizard（蜥蜴）was growing dusty.lt worried me.Ireported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next
15、morning.Secondslater,our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.I didn*t think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table.Itburst into hundreds of pieces.As I swept up the mess,I wondered why we had been breaking so many thingsov
16、er the months.The destruction started three months ago.lt was my husbands birthday.He had just lost his job.Theuncertainty was starting to wear us out,so I wanted to do something special.“Lets make a cake for Dad!I cried.My kids screamed with joy.We baked,iced and sprinkled for most of the day.Candl
17、es on the cake!Balloons on the walls!Flowers on the table!Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview,my daughter climbed up tograb a glass vase from a high shelf.lt fell and crashed beside the cake.Tiny pieces of glass wereeverywhere.She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake a
18、way.My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.Three days ago,the light in our living room suddenly went out.After several frustrating hours ofunsuccessful attempts to fix it,my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary 偿己录片）series The Last Dance.第3页 共4 2页The poignancy（辛酸）of Jord
19、an retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what hadpushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise.As I watched him take off his basketballuniform and replace it with a baseball uniform,I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him,just as our lizard had
20、.Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them.But they had to live withwho they were after everything was different.Just like us.I realized that we have to learn to leave the pastbehind.Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals.The beginning of change is upsetting.Theproces
21、s is tiring.Damage changes us before we are ready.I see our lizard,raw and nearly new.Jordan said that no matter how it ends,it starts with hope.With our tender,hopeful skin,that is where webegin.l.What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?A.Its tank grew dirty.B.Its old skin came off.
22、C.It got a skin disease.D.It went missing.2.Why did the authors husband have banana pudding for his birthday?A.The birthday cake was ruined.B.The author made good puddings.C.Pudding was his favorite dessert.D.They couldn*t afford a birthday cake.3.Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the pa
23、ssage?A.To prove a theory.B.To define a concept.C.To develop the theme.D.To provide the background.4.The underlined part“leaving behind the layer“in Paragraph 8 can be understood as.A.letting go of the pastB.looking for a new jobC.getting rid of a bad habitD.giving up an opportunity5.What does the a
24、uthor most likely want to tell us?第4页 共4 2页A.Love of family helps us survive great hardships.B.It*s not the end of the world if we break things.C.We should move on no matter what happens.D.Past experiences should be treasured.答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。主题语境是人与自我，主题语境内容为积极的生活态度。本文讲述了作者的丈夫失业后,作者及其家人经历了一系列的不顺，直到
25、作者通过观察蜥蜴的蜕皮以及观看MichaelJordan的纪录片 最后的舞动获得了启示:不管发生什么事,我们都要继续前进。1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句 Seconds later,our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skinflowing behind it.（几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从箱里出来，旧皮在后面飘动。）可知蜥蜴在经历蜕皮过程。故选Bo2.A 推理判断题。根据第六段中的 my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase.She sobbed loudly as Ithrew the c
26、ake away.可知丈夫吃香蕉布丁的原因是生日蛋糕被毁了。3.C 推理判断题。作者在文中提到7726以 9。卬”是为了引出下文的感悟，故选C。4.A 词义猜测题。根据第八段最后一句话I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind 我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后。）可知选A。5.C 推理判断题。这篇文章从开头提到蜥蜴蜕皮到观看乔丹的纪录片都是为了引出主题:learn to leavethe past behindo故选C（不管发生什么，我们都应该往前走）Passage 3（2021 浙江 1 月,C）Researchers
27、 say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use tocommunicate.They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a“vocabulary”of66 gestures.The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda,andexamining more than
28、 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.Dr Catherine Hobaiter,who led the research,said that this was the only form of intentionalcommunication to be recorded in the animal kingdom.Only humans and chimps,she said,had a system ofcommunication where they deliberately sent a message to another g
29、roup member.“Thats whats so amazing about chimp gestures,she said.Theyre the only thing that looks like humanlanguage in that respect.第5页 共4 2页Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information fromanother animafs call,the animals do not appear to use their
30、 voices intentionally to communicatemessages.This was a significant difference between calls and gestures,Dr Hobaiter said.Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish tocommunicate.In one case,a mother presents her foot to her crying baby,signalling/Climb o
31、n me”.Theyoungster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together.tThe big message from thisstudy is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication,so thats notunique to humans,“said Dr Hobaiter.Dr Susanne Shultz,an evolutionary biologist fr
32、om the University of Manchester,said the study waspraiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language.But,she added,theresults were“a little disappointing”.“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate,or weare still
33、missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,she said.4tMoreover,themeanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication.So,it seems thegulf remains.”1 .What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?A.Memorizing specif
34、ic words.B.Understanding complex information.C.Using voices to communicate.D.Communicating messages on purpose.2.What did Dr Shultz think of the study?A.It was well designed but poorly conducted.B.It was a good try but the findings were limited.C.It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.D.It
35、 was a failure but the methods deserved praise.3.What does the underlined word gulf in the last paragraph mean?A.Difference.B.Conflict.C.Balance.D.Connection.4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough第6页 共4 2页B.Chimpanzees developed s
36、pecific communication skillsC.Chimpanzees:the smartest species in the animal kingdomD.Chimpanzee language:communication gestures translated答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。主题语境是人与自然，主题语境内容为人与动物。本文介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，发现了它们用手势交流，翻译出了它们用来交流的手势的含义。1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 Only humans and chimps,she said,had a system of c
37、ommunicationwhere they deliberately sent a message to another group member.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向另一个小组成员发送信息。）可知选D（有目的地交流信息）。2.B 推理判断题。根据第六段中的 the study was praiseworthy 以及 the results were a little disappointing可知选B（这是一个很好的尝试,但研究结果有限）。3.A 词义猜测题。根据画线单词前一句可知，黑猩猩的这些手势的含义不一定适用于其他动物,存在不同之处。故选A。4.D 主旨
38、要义题。文章第一句已经点明文章主题:Researchers say they have translated the meaning ofgestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate4研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义。）o 故选D。难句分析 原句:The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little tocommunicate,or we are still missing a lot of the in
39、formation contained in their gestures and actions.分析:本句中suggests后为宾语从句，从句中还存在eilher.or引导的并列句。译文:手势含义的模糊性表明,要么黑猩猩很少交流，要么我们仍然缺少它们手势和动作中包含的大量信息。Passage 4（2020 江苏,C）词数 401For those who can stomach it,working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eatingfirst,according to a study of
40、meal timing and physical activity.Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance.However,far less hasbeen known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.To find out,British scientists conducted a study.They first found 10 overweight and inactive bu
41、totherwise healthy young men,whose lifestyles are,for better and worse,representative of those of most of us.第7页 共4 2页They tested the mens fitness and resting metabolic（新陈代谢的）rates and took samples（样品）of their bloodand fat tissue.Then,on two separate morning visits to the scientists*lab,each man wal
42、ked fbr an hour at an averagespeed that,in theory,should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel.Before one of these workouts,themen skipped breakfast,meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnightfast（禁食）.On the other occasion,they ate a rich morning meal abo
43、ut two hours before they started walking.Just before and an hour after each workout,the scientists took additional samples of the mens blood andfat tissue.Then they compared the samples.There were considerable differences.Most obviously,the mendisplayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their
44、 workouts when they had skipped breakfast than whenthey had eaten.As a result,they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eatenfirst.On the other hand,they burned slightly more calories（卡路里）,on average,during the workout afterbreakfast than after fasting.But it was the e
45、ffects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant,the researchersfound.Multiple genes behaved differently,depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.Many of these genes produce proteins（蛋白质）that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin（胰岛素）levels throug
46、hout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health.These genes were muchmore active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise,it may be wise toskip eating first.l.
47、The underlined expressionustomach it“in Paragraph 1 most probably means A.digest the meal easilyB.manage without breakfastC.decide wisely what to eatD.eat whatever is offered2.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.B.Their lack of exercise
48、 led to overweight.C.They could walk at an average speed.D.They had slow metabolic rates.第8页 共4 2页3.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?A.They successfully lost weight.B.They consumed a bit more calories.C.They burned more fat on average.D.They displayed higher insulin levels.4.
49、What could be learned from the research?A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.答案 语篇解读 文章讲述了进食时间、锻炼和健康这三者之间的关系。1.B 猜测词义题。由第一段第一
50、句“对于那些能忍受不吃早饭的人而言，早饭前锻炼可能要比吃了早饭锻炼对健康更有好处”可知,B 项“没吃早饭”正确。2.A 细节理解题。根据第三段的 whose lifestyles are,.representative of those of most of us 可知，无论好坏,这十个人的生活方式代表着我们大多数人的生活方式。故 A 项“他们的生活方式在普通人中很典型”正确。3.B 细节理解题。根据第六段中的On the other hand,they burned slightly more calories 可知，吃了早饭锻炼的人燃烧了稍微多一点的卡路里。故答案为B 项“他们消耗了更多一