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1、WILLIAM FAULKNERTolearnthepleasureofsnobberymaleandretaliationfemale.懂得了势利的乐趣这是男人，也懂得了报复的乐趣，这是女人。William Faulkner(1897-1962)The Southern Renaissance&William Faulkner AmericansouthernliteraturecandatebacktoEdgarAllenPoe,andreachitssummitwiththeappearanceofthetwo“giants”FaulknerandWolfe.Therearesouthe
2、rnwomenwritersKatherineAnnePorter凯瑟琳.安.波特,EudoraWelty尤朵拉韦尔蒂,andFlanneryOConnor弗兰纳里奥康诺奥康诺.The Southern RenaissanceI.HeritageFeatures of Southern literature prior to this renaissance -focus on historical romances about the Lost Cause of the Confederate States of America.-glorified the heroism of the C
3、onfederate army and civilian population during the Civil War and the supposedly idyllic culture that existed in the South before the war(known as the Antebellum South).ThreemajorthemesinSouthernRenaissance-theburdenofhistoryinaplacewheremanypeoplestillrememberedslavery,reconstruction,andadevastating
4、militarydefeat.-focusontheSouthsconservativeculture,specificallyonhowanindividualcouldexistwithoutlosingasenseofidentityinaregionwherefamily,religion,andcommunityweremorehighlyvaluedthanonespersonalandsociallife.-theSouthstroubledhistoryinregardstoracialissues.General informationnOneofthemostinfluen
5、tialwritersofthe20thcentury.Hisreputationisbasedonhisnovels,novellasandshortstories.However,hewasalsoapublishedpoetandanoccasionalscreenwriter.nInitiatorofSouthernRenaissancenOneofthemostinfluentialmodernistnovelwritersinthewestnMostofFaulknersworksaresetinhisnativestateofMississippi,andheisconsider
6、edoneofthemostimportantSouthernwriters,alongwithMarkTwain,RobertPennWarren,FlanneryOConnor,TrumanCapote,EudoraWelty,andTennesseeWilliams.Three stages(1)19241929:training as a writer The Marble Faun,（1924）a volume of poetry Soldiers Pay（1926）first novel Mosquitoes 蚊群(2)19291936:most productive and pr
7、olific period Sartoris 萨托里斯,see and feel the dignity and sorrow of what was to become his most frequently used subject matterThe Sound and the Fury 喧哗与骚动(1929)As I Lay Dying 在我弥留之际（l930）Light in August 八月之光（l932）Absalom,Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙！（1936）(3)1940end:won recognition in America Go Down,Moses 去吧，摩西（
8、1942）LiterarycareerandmajorworksnFaulknerreceivedthe1949NobelPrizeforLiteratureforhispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel.n“因为他对当代美国小说做出了强有力的和艺术上无与伦比的贡献”1949NobelPrizeforLiteratureThe Sound and the Furywaspublishedin1929.ManycriticsandevenFaulknerhimselfthinkthatitistheb
9、estnovelthathewrote.ItssubjectisthedownfalloftheCompsonfamily,theoffspringofthepioneerJasonLycurgusCompson.The Sound and the Fury The idea of a tale told by an idiot“nBenjysversionoftheCompsonsstoryopensthenovelnQuentinandJasonsnarrativesdisplaytheirownrespectivevarietiesofidiocynThenovelisrecountin
10、gthedeathofafamily,includingsomeofitsmembers,aswellasthedeclineofthetraditionalupper-classSouthernfamily.ThisisthesignificanceofThewaytodustydeath.Yoknapatawpha County as the setting：nMostofFaulknersworksaresetintheAmericanSouth;animaginaryplacebasedonFaulknerschildhoodmemoryaboutthetownofOxfordinhi
11、snativeLafayetteCounty.nYoknapatawphaCounty约克纳帕塔法郡hasbecomeanallegoryoraparableoftheOldSouth/showapanorama全貌oftheexperienceandconsciousnessofthewholeSouthernsociety.nTheYoknapatawphasaga约克纳帕塔法世系”小说isFaulknersrealachievement.nMajorthemes:n1)modernsocietyasaspiritualwasteland;n2)thejuxtapositionofthep
12、astandthepresent,natureandsocietywiththeassertionofthehealthylifeoftheprimitiveman.“Aristocratic”familiesinYoknapatawphaNovelsnNovelsoftheSartories:Sartories;TheUnvanquished,etc.nNovelsoftheCompsons:TheSoundandtheFury,etc.nNovelsofTheSutpens:Absalom,Absalom;etc.nNovelsoftheMcCaslins:Godown,Moses;etc
13、.NovelsoftheBundrens:AsILayDying,etc.nNovelsoftheSnopes:TheHamlet,TheMansion,etc.Plot summarynThefourparts/thesameepisodes/adifferentpointofview/emphasisondifferentthemesandeventsninterweavingandnonlinearstructure/makesanytruesynopsisdifficult/thenarratorsareunreliable/theiraccountsnotnecessarilytru
14、stworthyatalltimes.nFaulknerusesitalicstoindicatepoints/thenarrativeismovingintoasignificantmomentinthepast.nthedeclineoftheCompsonfamily,aoncenobleSouthernfamilydescendedfromU.S.CivilWarheroGeneralCompsonnthefamilyfallsintofinancialruin,losesitsreligiousfaithandtherespectofthetownofJefferson,andman
15、yofthemdietragically.n故事发生在20世纪初年、约克纳帕塔法县杰斐逊镇一个姓康普生的南方世家。这个家族曾经显赫一时，祖上出过州长和将军，广有田地，黑奴成群。但是南北战争之后，家族渐趋没落，只余下一幢破败的家宅以及一户黑人佣人，连长子上大学、女儿办婚宴也要卖了最后的田地才能应付。n一家之长康普生先生只知道缅怀过去，发表空论，成天借酒浇愁，致使开办的律师事务所一败涂地，最后酒精中毒而死。n康普生太太念念不忘自己的南方闺秀身份，她精神抑郁、无病呻吟、自私乖僻，极度地以自我为中心。n长子昆丁生性懦弱、多愁善感，怀着对妹妹的病态之爱，19岁时在哈佛大学投河自尽。Introductio
16、n to the Plotn女儿凯蒂富于生命力，性格开放，由于未婚先孕，便与一位银行家结婚以掩人耳目，被丈夫发觉后撵回娘家，却又不为思想保守的家庭所容，只好将私生女小昆丁寄养在父母家里，漂泊异乡以出卖色相为生。n次子杰生没有享受到分毫遗产，中学毕业后便做了办事员，进银行工作的美梦也因姐姐的离婚丑闻而归于破灭，他自私自利，冷酷无情，爱钱如命，用种种手段敲诈凯蒂，虐待小昆丁，侵吞凯蒂寄给小昆丁的生活费。n小儿子班吉纯洁善良，可惜是个白痴，33岁却只有一个3岁孩子的智力水平，因为试图强奸邻居女孩，被做了阉割手术。n小昆丁在冷漠无望的环境中长大，17岁时偷了舅舅杰生的不义之财，跟一个劣迹斑斑的流浪艺人
17、私奔。n家庭中唯一的亮色来自黑人女佣迪尔西，她是康普生太太出嫁时带过来的家奴，多年来一直忠心耿耿，不仅担负起家务重任，还一直保护着班吉、凯蒂、小昆丁等人免受杰生的伤害。Introduction to the PlotQuentin Compson-TheoldestoftheCompsonchildren and thenarrator ofthenovels secondchapter.Asensitiveandintelligentboy,QuentinispreoccupiedwithhisloveforhissisterCaddyandhisnotionoftheCompsonfami
18、lyshonor.HecommitssuicidebydrowninghimselfjustbeforetheendofhisfirstyearatHarvard.Caddy Compson-The second oldest of theCompson children and the only daughter.ActuallynamedCandace,CaddyisveryclosetoherbrotherQuentin.Shebecomespromiscuous,gets pregnant out of wedlock,and eventuallymarriesanddivorcesH
19、erbertHeadin1910.Jason Compson IV-ThesecondyoungestoftheCompsonchildrenandthenarratorofthenovelsthirdchapter.Jasonismean-spirited,petty,andverycynical.Benjy Compson-TheyoungestoftheCompsonchildrenandnarratorofthenovelsfirstchapter.BornMauryCompson,hisnameischangedtoBenjaminin1900,whenheisdiscoveredt
20、obeseverelymentallyretarded.Thefirstthreechaptersofthenovelconsistoftheconvoluted复杂的thoughts,voices,andmemoriesofthethreeCompsonbrothers,capturedonthreedifferentdays.-Benjy,aseverelyretardedthirty-three-year-oldman,speakinginApril,1928;-Quentin,ayoungHarvardstudent,speakinginJune,1910;-andJason,abit
21、terfarm-supplystoreworker,speakingagaininApril,1928.-Faulknertellsthefourthchapterinhisownnarrativevoice,butfocusesonDilsey,theCompsonfamilysdevoted“Negro”cookwhohasplayedagreatpartinraisingthechildren.Narrative:stream of consciousness He generally shows a grim picture of human society where violenc
22、e and cruelty are frequently included,but his later works showed more optimism.His intention was to show the evil,harsh events in contrast to such eternal virtues as love,honour,pity,compassion,self-sacrifice,and thereby expose the faults of society.He felt that it was a writers duty to remind his r
23、eaders constantly of true values and virtues.Pointofview (1)historyandraceHeexplainsthepresentbyexaminingthepast,bytellingthestoriesofseveralgenerationsoffamilytoshowhowhistorychangeslife.Hewasinterestedintherelationshipbetweenblacksandwhites,especiallyconcernedabouttheproblemsofthepeoplewhowereofth
24、emixedraceofblackandwhite,unacceptabletobothraces.(2)Deterioration(3)Conflictsbetweengenerations,classes,races,manandenvironment(4)Horror,violenceandtheabnormalThemes Faulkners narrative technique：n（1）Withdrawaloftheauthorasacontrollingnarrator：Tohim，theprimarydutyofawriterwastoexploreandrepresentth
25、einfinitepossibilitiesinherentinhumanlife.Thereforeawritershouldobservewithnojudgementwhatsoeverandreduceauthorialintrusiontothelowestminimum.（2）Dislocationofthenarrativetime：Themostcharacteristicwayofstructuringhisstoriesistofragmentthechronologicaltime.Hedeliberatelybrokeupthechronologyofhisnarrat
26、ivebyjuxtaposingthepastwiththepresent,inthewaythemontage蒙太奇（电影的基本结构手段和叙事方式）doesinamovie.nChapterOne:April7th1928nChapterTwo:June2nd1910nChapterThree:April6th1928nChapterFour:April8th1928n（3）Themodernstream-of-consciousnesstechniqueandtheinteriormonologue：Stream-of-consciousnesstechniquewasfrequently
27、andskillfullyexploitedbyFaulknertoemphasizethereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrator.Andtheinteriormonologuehelpshimachievethemostdesirableeffectofexploringthenatureofhumanconsciousness.n（4）Multiplepointsofview：Theemploymentofseveralnarratorsornarrativepointsofviewstotellastory,thusmakingthestructure
28、ofthebooksomewhatradiative.n（5）“anti-hero”:weak,vulnerable(truepeopleinmodernsociety)n（6）Theothernarrativetechniquesheusedtoconstructhisstoriesinclude:symbolismmythologicalallusionsbiblicalallusionsFaulkners language：nHisprose,markedbylongandembedded嵌入的sentences,complexsyntax,andvaguereferencepronou
29、nsandavarietyofregistersoftheEnglishlanguage,isverydifficulttoread.nIncontrast,Faulknercouldsoundverycasualorinformalsometimes.HecapturedthedialectsoftheMississippicharacters.Mostofthesymbolsandimageriesaredrawnfromnature.威廉福克纳1949年诺贝尔文学奖的获奖感言 n我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人而是授予我的工作的-授予我一生从事关于人类精神的呕心沥血的工作。我从事这项工作，不
30、是为名，更不是为利，而是为了从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。因此，这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。要做出与这份奖赏原本的目的和意义相符，又与其奖金等价的献词并不困难，但我还愿意利用这个时刻，利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些可能听到我说话并已献身于同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。他们中肯定有人有一天也会站到我现在站着的地方来。n我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种生理上的恐惧，这种恐惧存在已久，以致我们已经习惯了。现在不存在精神上的问题，唯一的问题是：“我什么时候会被炸得粉身碎骨？”正因如此，今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人类内心的冲突。而这本身就能写好作品。因为这是唯一值得写、值得呕心沥血
31、地去写的题材。n他一定要重新认识这些问题。他必须使自己明白世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧。他必须使自己永远忘却恐惧，在他的工作室里除了心底古老的真理之外，任何东西都没有容身之地。没有这古老的普遍真理，任何小说都只能昙花一观，不会成功；这些真理就是爱、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情与牺牲等感情。若是他做不到这样，他的气力终归白费。他不是写爱情而是写情欲，他写的失败是没有人失去可贵的东西的失败，他写的胜利是没有希望、更糟的是没有怜悯或同情的胜利。他的悲伤不是为了世上生灵，所以留下不深刻的痕迹。他不是在写心灵而是在写器官。n在他重新懂得这些之前，他写作时，就犹如站在处于世界末日的人类中去观察末日的来临。我不接受
32、人类末日的说法，因人类能延续而说人是不朽的，这很容易。说即使最后一次钟声已经消失，消失的再也没有潮水冲刷的映在落日余晖里的海上最后一块无用礁石之旁时，还会有一个声音，人类微弱的、不断的说话声，这也很容易。但是我不能接受这种说法。我相信人类不仅能延续，而且能战胜一切而永存。人类不朽不是因为在万物中唯有他能永远发言，而是因为他有灵魂，有同情心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。n诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作家的特权就是去鼓舞人的斗志、使人记住过去曾经有过的光荣人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神以达到永恒。诗人的声音不应只是人类的记录，而应是使人类永存并得到胜利的支柱和栋梁。If
33、eelthatthisawardwasnotmadetomeasaman,buttomywork-alifesworkintheagonyandsweatofthehumanspirit,notforgloryandleastofallforprofit,buttocreateoutofthematerialsofthehumanspiritsomethingwhichdidnotexistbefore.Sothisawardisonlymineintrust.Itwillnotbedifficulttofindadedicationforthemoneypartofitcommensurat
34、ewiththepurposeandsignificanceofitsorigin.ButIwouldliketodothesamewiththeacclaimtoo,byusingthismomentasapinnaclefromwhichImightbelistenedtobytheyoungmenandwomenalreadydedicatedtothesameanguishandtravail,amongwhomisalreadythatonewhowillsomedaystandherewhereIamstanding.Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech/Wi
35、lliam FaulknerOurtragedytodayisageneralanduniversalphysicalfearsolongsustainedbynowthatwecanevenbearit.Therearenolongerproblemsofthespirit.Thereisonlythequestion:WhenwillIbeblownup?Becauseofthis,theyoungmanorwomanwritingtodayhasforgottentheproblemsofthehumanheartinconflictwithitselfwhichalonecanmake
36、goodwritingbecauseonlythatisworthwritingabout,worththeagonyandthesweat.Hemustlearnthemagain.Hemustteachhimselfthatthebasestofallthingsistobeafraid;and,teachinghimselfthat,forgetitforever,leavingnoroominhisworkshopforanythingbuttheoldveritiesandtruthsoftheheart,theolduniversaltruthslackingwhichanysto
37、ryisephemeralanddoomed-loveandhonorandpityandprideandcompassionandsacrifice.Untilhedoesso,helaborsunderacurse.Hewritesnotoflovebutoflust,ofdefeatsinwhichnobodylosesanythingofvalue,ofvictorieswithouthopeand,worstofall,withoutpityorcompassion.Hisgriefsgrieveonnouniversalbones,leavingnoscars.Hewritesno
38、toftheheartbutoftheglands.Untilherelearnsthesethings,hewillwriteasthoughhestoodamongandwatchedtheendofman.Ideclinetoaccepttheendofman.Itiseasyenoughtosaythatmanisimmortalsimplybecausehewillendure:thatwhenthelastding-dongofdoomhasclangedandfadedfromthelastworthlessrockhangingtidelessinthelastredanddy
39、ingevening,thateventhentherewillstillbeonemoresound:thatofhispunyinexhaustiblevoice,stilltalking.Irefusetoacceptthis.Ibelievethatmanwillnotmerelyendure:hewillprevail.Heisimmortal,notbecausehealoneamongcreatureshasaninexhaustiblevoice,butbecausehehasasoul,aspiritcapableofcompassionandsacrificeandendu
40、rance.Thepoets,thewriters,dutyistowriteaboutthesethings.Itishisprivilegetohelpmanendurebyliftinghisheart,byremindinghimofthecourageandhonorandhopeandprideandcompassionandpityandsacrificewhichhavebeenthegloryofhispast.Thepoetsvoiceneednotmerelybetherecordofman,itcanbeoneoftheprops,thepillarstohelphimendureandprevail.