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1、Topic 1Review Emersonian Transcendentalism and American Puritanism1.Key words:over-soul,individual man and nature.2.Key words:theological foundation,style of life.第1页/共23页 Topic 2The theme of Self-Reliance Key words:Fierce individualism;Dignity第2页/共23页Topic 2The theme of Self-Reliance The theme:This
2、 essay focuses on his discussion on the individuals relation with his cultureculture in the broadest definition,thus exploring the implications of the fierce individualism at the heart of his Transcendental faith：the dignity,the ultimate sanctity of each human being.第3页/共23页Topic 3The main idea Key
3、words:Confidence The Independence The Personality No Sympathy 第4页/共23页 Topic 4Study and discussion of key pointsOn Confidence:The soul is no traveller;the wise man stays at home.（P969 The Norton Anthology）Key words:a sense of self-culture;the missionary of wisdom and virtue.第5页/共23页 According to Eme
4、rson,a man is in want of a sense of self-culture.In manly hours,he should feel that duty is his place.On any occasion he is at home still,and shall make men sensible by the expression of his countenance,that he goes the missionary of wisdom and virtue.第6页/共23页 Time and space are but physiological co
5、lors which the eye makes,but the soul is light;where it is,is day;where it was,is night.（P964 The Norton Anthology）Key words:a simple mind is simple;a divine wisdom;the worship of the past.第7页/共23页 In Emersons opinion,whenever a mind is simple,and receives a divine wisdom,old things pass away.And th
6、e simple mind lives now,and absorbs past and future into the present hour.It shows that Emerson rejected the worship of the past.第8页/共23页 A man should learn to detect and watch the gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within,more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages.（P956
7、 The Norton Anthology）Key words:your private heart;all forms of imitation;authorities;the spirit of self-trust第9页/共23页 For Emerson,to believe your own thought,to believe that what is true for your private heart is true for all men.Speak your latent conviction,and it should be the universal sense.Yet
8、 a man dismisses without notice his thought,because it is his.In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts.Emerson criticized all forms of imitation,rejected any authorities and opposed all self-abased people.He thought that the confidence was a very important virtue.The philosophi
9、cal idea had its special power and enlightened many people and catered to the spirit of optimism in America at that time.第10页/共23页On Independence:The great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.（P21）What I must do is all that concerns me,no
10、t what the people think.(P21)To be great is to be misunderstood.（P22）Key words:not to be influenced by the others第11页/共23页 Emerson thought that the people shouldnt be influenced by the others.Each one is the first who knows himself much.It is known that the only right is to conform to the mans own w
11、ill,namely,the only wrong thing is what is against his own will.Emerson supported that the people insist on carrying themselves in the face of all opposition.The true self-independence is void of others encouragement;prize is just as an auxiliary function for achievements.The true self-independent m
12、an is one who still stands firmly when all people fall over,and who himself plays the major role in his world.Emerson pointed out that it was easy to live after the worlds opinion.Most people prefer to this in daily lives.But a great man always separates himself from the crowds.第12页/共23页 The other t
13、error that scares us from self-trust is our consistency;a reverence for our past act or word,because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts,and we are loath to disappoint them.（P22）Key words:environment;innovation第13页/共23页 Many people are easily influenced b
14、y environment.Emerson sharply opposed this idea and thought the man should cultivate the personality of self-independence.Indeed,a large number of persons always cope with their lives in the same way,because they are afraid of being defeated by new methods.However,they lack innovation,which makes th
15、em lack independence.Because of their consistency,it is very difficult for them to make progress or stride in life.Independence is established on the basis of continuous new progress.Therefore,the spirit of innovation can strengthen self-reliance.According to Emersons words,the society refuses the p
16、ersons without self-reliance.No one can help the man except himself.Those independent people can stand easily and stably.Independence is an indispensable quality for ones success.Emerson pointed out that the man without any independent idea is difficult to conduct himself.Therefore,it is very necess
17、ary to form the habit of self-reliance.第14页/共23页 According to Emersons words,the society refuses the persons without self-reliance.No one can help the man except himself.Those independent people can stand easily and stably.Independence is an indispensable quality for ones success.Emerson pointed out
18、 that the man without any independent idea is difficult to conduct himself.Therefore,it is very necessary to form the habit of self-reliance.第15页/共23页 On Personality:No law can be sacred to me but that of my nature.Good and bad are but names very readily transferable to that or this;the only right i
19、s what is after my constitution,the only wrong what is against it.A man is to carry himself in the presence of all opposition,as if everything were titular and ephemeral but he.（P20）Let us never bow and apologize more.A great man is coming to eat at my house,I do not wish to please him;I wish that h
20、e should wish to please me.”(P23)Key words:own will;own worth;inner power 第16页/共23页 Emerson advocated that a man should do everything according to his own will.This thought is closely related with the idea of confidence.A confident man is the one who always keeps his own personality.Nowadays,many pe
21、ople tend to chase fashion and imitate stars.Some people love the stars characters deeply and even want to be stars.In fact,these people are excellent in many aspects,but they never look for their merits carefully.We may say that each man is different,and each man has his own worth in the world.It i
22、s useless to imitate anyone.第17页/共23页No Sympathy:Your goodness must have some edge to it,else it is none.（P20）Thy love afar is spite at home.（P20）Their virtues are penances.（P20）Key words:the poor mind;harm;full idea;empty idea;no innovative;a tool 第18页/共23页 This point of view shows that if these po
23、or people are self-supported,their living conditions would be better.Helping this kind of people is to do harm to them and make them more and more poor.There is a popular saying:“If ones pocket is empty,but idea is full,thats temporary;on the contrary,if ones pocket is full,but idea is empty，thats a
24、lso temporary”.At most time,the poor lack independent conducts,optimistic attitudes,and adventurous spirits.They have no innovative abilities,because they never think that they should challenge life and make progress.Therefore,in many aspects,the poor lags far behind the society.From Emersons opinio
25、n,he definitely rejected to help this kind of people.第19页/共23页 However,sometimes the situation is different,just as Emerson said“There is a class of persons to whom by all spiritual affinity I am bought and sold;for them I will go to prison.”(P20).These kinds of people are poor in pocket,but they ar
26、e full of ideas in mind.They have the quality of confidence,of independence,but only lack of materials.Emerson believed that their conditions would be quickly improved through a period of time.The poor condition is not terrible,but the poor mind is a very serious problem.It is not the only way out f
27、or a man to help the poor with money,but give them a tool to produce wealth by themselves,or teach them to be independent and challengeable.Emersons opinions towards the poor have given everybody a meaningful enlightenment.第20页/共23页 Stylistic Featuresu Epigrammatic in expression of ideasu Poetic lan
28、guageu Comparison and metaphorsu To employ literary sourcesu A casual style第21页/共23页 IV ASSIGNMENT 1.Discuss Emersons ideas about personality.Do they have any enlightenments on your life?2.What is the thought of a real man according to Emersons viewpoints?3.Preview Unit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne.4.What are Hawthornes viewpoints?第22页/共23页感谢您的观看！第23页/共23页