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1、会计学1美国文学之论自助美国文学之论自助Topic 1Review Emersonian Transcendentalism Topic 1Review Emersonian Transcendentalism and American Puritanism and American Puritanism1.1.Key Key words:words:over-soul,over-soul,individual individual man and nature.man and nature.2.2.Key Key words:words:theological theological fou
2、ndation,foundation,style of life.style of life.第1页/共23页 Topic 2The theme of Self-Reliance Key words:Fierce individualism;Dignity第2页/共23页Topic 2The theme of Topic 2The theme of Self-RelianceSelf-Reliance The theme:The theme:This This essay essay focuses focuses on on his his discussion discussion on
3、on the the individuals individuals relation relation with with his his culturecultureculture culture in in the the broadest broadest definition,definition,thus thus exploring exploring the the implications implications of of the the fierce fierce individualism individualism at at the the heart heart
4、 of of his his Transcendental Transcendental faithfaith：the the dignity,dignity,the the ultimate sanctity of each human being.ultimate sanctity of each human being.第3页/共23页Topic 3The main idea Key words:Key words:Confidence Confidence The Independence The Independence The Personality The Personality
5、 No Sympathy No Sympathy 第4页/共23页 Topic 4Study and discussion of key pointsTopic 4Study and discussion of key pointsOn Confidence:On Confidence:The The soul soul is is no no traveller;traveller;the the wise wise man man stays at home.stays at home.（P969 P969 The The Norton Norton AnthologyAnthology）
6、Key words:Key words:a sense of self-culture;a sense of self-culture;the missionary of wisdom and virtue.the missionary of wisdom and virtue.第5页/共23页 According to Emerson,a man is in want of a sense of self-culture.In manly hours,he should feel that duty is his place.On any occasion he is at home sti
7、ll,and shall make men sensible by the expression of his countenance,that he goes the missionary of wisdom and virtue.第6页/共23页 Time Time and and space space are are but but physiological physiological colors colors which which the the eye eye makes,makes,but but the the soul soul is is light;light;wh
8、ere where it is,is day;where it was,is night.it is,is day;where it was,is night.（P964 The Norton AnthologyP964 The Norton Anthology）Key words:Key words:a simple mind is simple;a simple mind is simple;a divine wisdom;a divine wisdom;the worship of the past.the worship of the past.第7页/共23页 In Emersons
9、 opinion,whenever a mind is simple,and receives a divine wisdom,old things pass away.And the simple mind lives now,and absorbs past and future into the present hour.It shows that Emerson rejected the worship of the past.第8页/共23页 A A man man should should learn learn to to detect detect and and watch
10、 watch the the gleam gleam of of light light which which flashes flashes across across his his mind mind from from within,within,more more than than the the lustre lustre of the firmament of bards and sages.of the firmament of bards and sages.（P956 The Norton AnthologyP956 The Norton Anthology）Key w
11、ords:your private heart;Key words:your private heart;all forms of imitation;all forms of imitation;authorities;authorities;the spirit of self-trust the spirit of self-trust第9页/共23页 For For Emerson,Emerson,to to believe believe your your own own thoughtthought,to to believe believe that that what wha
12、t is is true true for for your your private private heart heart is is true true for for all all men.men.Speak Speak your your latent latent conviction,conviction,and and it it should should be be the the universal universal sense.sense.Yet Yet a a man man dismisses dismisses without without notice n
13、otice his his thought,thought,because because it it is is his.his.In In every every work work of of genius genius we we recognize recognize our our own rejected thoughts.own rejected thoughts.Emerson Emerson criticized criticized all all forms forms of of imitation,imitation,rejected rejected any an
14、y authorities authorities and and opposed opposed all all self-abased self-abased peoplepeople.He He thought thought that that the the confidence confidence was was a a very very important important virtue.virtue.The The philosophical philosophical idea idea had had its its special special power pow
15、er and and enlightened enlightened many many people people and and catered catered to to the the spirit spirit of of optimism optimism in in America America at at that that time.time.第10页/共23页On Independence:The The great great man man is is he he who who in in the the midst midst of of the the crow
16、d crowd keeps keeps with with perfect perfect sweetness sweetness the the independence of solitude.independence of solitude.（P21P21）What What I I must must do do is is all all that that concerns concerns me,me,not not what what the the people people think.think.(P21)(P21)To To be be great great is i
17、s to to be be misunderstood.misunderstood.（P22P22）Key Key words:words:not not to to be be influenced influenced by by the the othersothers第11页/共23页 Emerson Emerson thought thought that that the the people people shouldntshouldnt be be influenced influenced by by the the othersothers.Each Each one on
18、e is is the the first first who who knows knows himself himself much.much.It It is is known known that that the the only only right right is is to to conform conform to to the the mans mans own own will,will,namely,namely,the the only only wrong wrong thing thing is is what what is is against agains
19、t his his own own will.will.Emerson Emerson supported supported that that the the people people insist insist on on carrying carrying themselves themselves in in the the face face of of all all opposition.opposition.The The true true self-independence self-independence is is void void of of others o
20、thers encouragement;encouragement;prize prize is is just just as as an an auxiliary auxiliary function function for for achievements.achievements.The The true true self-independent self-independent man man is is one one who who still still stands stands firmly firmly when when all all people people
21、fall fall over,over,and and who who himself himself plays plays the the major major role role in in his his world.world.Emerson Emerson pointed pointed out out that that it it was was easy easy to to live live after after the the worlds worlds opinionopinion.Most Most people people prefer prefer to
22、to this this in in daily daily lives.lives.But But a a great man always separates himself from the crowds.great man always separates himself from the crowds.第12页/共23页 The The other other terror terror that that scares scares us us from from self-self-trust trust is is our our consistency;consistency
23、;a a reverence reverence for for our our past past act act or or word,word,because because the the eyes eyes of of others others have have no no other other data data for for computing computing our our orbit orbit than than our our past past acts,acts,and and we we are are loath to disappoint them.
24、loath to disappoint them.（P22P22）Key words:Key words:environment;innovation environment;innovation第13页/共23页 Many Many peoplepeople are are easily easily influenced influenced by by environmentenvironment.Emerson Emerson sharply sharply opposed opposed this this idea idea and and thought thought the
25、the man man should should cultivate cultivate the the personality personality of of self-independence.self-independence.Indeed,Indeed,a a large large number number of of persons persons always always cope cope with with their their lives lives in in the the same same way,way,because because they the
26、y are are afraid afraid of of being being defeated defeated byby new new methodsmethods.However,However,they they lack lack innovationinnovation,which which makes makes them them lack lack independence.independence.Because Because of of their their consistency,consistency,it it is is very very diffi
27、cult difficult for for them them to to make make progress progress or or stride stride in in life.life.Independence Independence is is established established on on the the basis basis of of continuous continuous new new progress.progress.Therefore,Therefore,the the spirit spirit of of innovationinn
28、ovation can strengthen self-reliance.can strengthen self-reliance.According According to to Emersons Emersons words,words,the the society society refuses refuses the the persons persons without without self-reliance.self-reliance.No No one one can can help help the the man man except except himself.
29、himself.Those Those independent independent people people can can stand stand easily easily and stably.and stably.Independence Independence is is an an indispensable indispensable quality quality for for ones ones success.success.Emerson Emerson pointed pointed out out that that the the man man with
30、out without any any independent independent idea idea is is difficult difficult to to conduct conduct himself.himself.Therefore,Therefore,it is very necessary to form the habit of self-reliance.it is very necessary to form the habit of self-reliance.第14页/共23页 According to Emersons words,the society
31、refuses the persons without self-reliance.No one can help the man except himself.Those independent people can stand easily and stably.Independence is an indispensable quality for ones success.Emerson pointed out that the man without any independent idea is difficult to conduct himself.Therefore,it i
32、s very necessary to form the habit of self-reliance.第15页/共23页 On Personality:No No law law can can be be sacred sacred to to me me but but that that of of my my nature.nature.Good Good and and bad bad are are but but names names very very readily readily transferable transferable to to that that or
33、or this;this;the the only only right right is is what what is is after after my my constitution,constitution,the the only only wrong wrong what what is is against against it.it.A A man man is is to to carry carry himself himself in in the the presence presence of of all all opposition,opposition,as
34、as if if everything everything were were titular titular and and ephemeral ephemeral but but he.he.（P20P20）Let Let us us never never bow bow and and apologize apologize more.more.A A great great man man is is coming coming to to eat eat at at my my house,house,I I do do not not wish wish to to pleas
35、e please him;I wish that he should wish to please me.”him;I wish that he should wish to please me.”(P23)(P23)Key words:Key words:own will;own worth;inner power own will;own worth;inner power 第16页/共23页 Emerson Emerson advocated advocated that that a a man man should should do do everything everything
36、 according according to to his his own own will.will.This This thought thought is is closely closely related related with with the the idea idea of of confidence.confidence.A A confident confident man man is is the the one one who who always keeps his own personality.always keeps his own personality
37、.Nowadays,Nowadays,many many people people tend tend to to chase chase fashion fashion and and imitate imitate stars.stars.Some Some people people love love the the stars stars characters characters deeply deeply and and even even want want to to be be stars.stars.In In fact,fact,these these people
38、people are are excellent excellent in in many many aspects,aspects,but but they they never never look look for for their their merits merits carefully.carefully.We We may may say say that that each each man man is is different,different,and and each each man man has has his his own own worth worth i
39、n in the the world.world.It It is is useless to imitate anyone.useless to imitate anyone.第17页/共23页No Sympathy:Your Your goodness goodness must must have have some some edge edge to to it,it,else else it it is is none.none.（P20P20）Thy Thy love love afar afar is is spite spite at at home.home.（P20P20）
40、T Their heir virtues virtues are are penances.penances.（P20P20）Key words:Key words:the poor mind;harm;full idea;the poor mind;harm;full idea;empty idea;no innovative;a tool empty idea;no innovative;a tool 第18页/共23页 This This point point of of view view shows shows that that if if these these poor po
41、or people people are are self-supported,self-supported,their their living living conditions conditions would would be be better.better.Helping Helping this this kind kind of of people people is is to to do do harm harm to to them them and and make make them them more more and and more more poorpoor.
42、There There is is a a popular popular saying:saying:“If“If ones ones pocket pocket is is empty,empty,but but idea idea is is full,full,thats thats temporary;temporary;on on the the contrary,contrary,if if ones ones pocket pocket is is full,full,but but idea idea is is emptyempty，thats thats also als
43、o temporary”.temporary”.At At most most time,time,the the poor poor lack lack independent independent conducts,conducts,optimistic optimistic attitudes,attitudes,and and adventurous adventurous spirits.spirits.They They have have no no innovative innovative abilities,abilities,because because they t
44、hey never never think think that that they they should should challenge challenge life life and and make make progress.progress.Therefore,Therefore,in in many many aspects,aspects,the the poor poor lags lags far far behind behind the the society.society.From From Emersons Emersons opinion,opinion,he
45、 he definitely definitely rejected rejected to to help this kind of people.help this kind of people.第19页/共23页 However,However,sometimes sometimes the the situation situation is is different,different,just just as as Emerson Emerson said said“There“There is is a a class class of of persons persons to
46、 to whom whom by by all all spiritual spiritual affinity affinity I I am am bought bought and and sold;sold;for for them them I I will will go go to to prison.”prison.”(P20).(P20).These These kinds kinds of of people people are are poor poor in in pocket,pocket,but but they they are are full full of
47、 of ideas ideas in in mind.mind.They They have have the the quality quality of of confidence,confidence,of of independence,independence,but but only only lack lack of of materials.materials.Emerson Emerson believed believed that that their their conditions conditions would would be be quickly quickl
48、y improved improved through through a a period period of of time.time.The The poor poor condition condition is is not not terrible,terrible,but but the the poor poor mind mind is is a a very very serious serious problem.problem.It It is is not not the the only only way way out out for for a a man ma
49、n to to help help the the poor poor with with money,money,but but give give them them a a tool tool to to produce produce wealth wealth by by themselves,themselves,or or teach teach them them to to be be independent independent and and challengeable.challengeable.Emersons Emersons opinions opinions
50、towards towards the the poor poor have have given given everybody everybody a a meaningful meaningful enlightenment.enlightenment.第20页/共23页 Stylistic Featuresuu Epigrammatic in expression of ideasuu Poetic languageuu Comparison and metaphorsuu To employ literary sourcesuu A casual style第21页/共23页 IV