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1、Chapter OneAn Etymological (词源的)Study of English Language第1页/共27页Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesEnglish belongs to the Indo-European family of languages,a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.The word for father vater(in German),pater(in Greek),pedar
2、 in(Persian),pater(in Latin),and pitr(in Sanskrit)第2页/共27页Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesIn case of the word“brother”,it is of similar nature.In Greek it is phrater,in Latin frater,in Sanskrit bhratar,in French frere and in German bruderOf all the different branches in Indo-European family,two
3、 are of paramount importance,the Germanic and the Romance.English is in the Germanic group of languages.第3页/共27页Old English(450-1100)The Angles,Saxons,and Jutes from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.Anglo-Saxons 第4页/共27页Old English
4、(450-1100)the original,Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is know England Scotland,Wales,Cornwall and Ireland,leaving behind a few Celtic words.第5页/共27页Old English(450-1100)The invaders language,Anglo-Saxon,developed into what we know as Old Englishwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,and strong derive
5、from Old English roots第6页/共27页The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)William the Conqueror,the Duke of Normandy,subsequently King William I,invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066.They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.The Normans were also of Germanic
6、stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.第7页/共27页The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)The influence of the Normans:beef and cowBeef Anglo-NormanCow GermanThe mixture of the two languages:Middle English第8页/共
7、27页Early Modern English(1500-1800)The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance.Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and musicWilliam Shakespeare第9页/共27页Late Modern English(1800-Present)The principal distin
8、ction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary.Two historical factors:Industrial Revolution and the British EmpireNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greek roots)第10页/共27页Late Modern English(1800-Present)Horsepower,airplane,typewriter(English roots)This burst of
9、neologism continues today,visible in the field of electronics and computers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,and microchip第11页/共27页Late Modern English(1800-Present)In addition,the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words
10、 into English.Finally,the 20th century saw two world wars,and the military influence on the language第12页/共27页Chapter TwoAn Etymological Study of Medical EnglishBased on their origin,medical terms can be divided into two large categories:native and borrowed.第13页/共27页Words Evolved from Old EnglishOld
11、English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures,organs,substances,and basic concepts of human activities.第14页/共27页Anatomic Wordsanklebackbladderbloodchesteareyefootgumhairhandkneelipliverlungneck
12、organthroattongue第15页/共27页Words Denoting Conceptsacheblindbreathbruisefeverhealmindcold第16页/共27页Words Originated from GreekFrom Greek,Early Modern English received grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and music.And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.第17
13、页/共27页Words Originated from Greekacmeanorexiacoloncomadiagnosisdyspepticglaucomametastasisnecrosispandemicparalysispneumoniapsychology第18页/共27页Words Originated from LatinThe earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their
14、language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.第19页/共27页Words Originated from LatinAbscessacuteaortaautopsybacteriacellcliniccortexdystrophyhydrophobiainflamemedicinemuscleobstetricsplacebopanaceaprognosistumor第20页/共27页Words Borrowed from FrenchA
15、fter the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.A great number of French words,including those used in medical works,took their roots in English.Borrowing from French has continued till present time.第21页/共27页Words
16、Borrowed from FrenchHospitalfaintjaundicedoctorbenigndiseasemortuaryembolismanatomyarteryambulanceantibioticchroniclymphmalaisepathologysurgeonpalpitationprostaterehabilitation第22页/共27页Words Borrowed from German Aspirinbarbituratebiologychemotherapychromosomegenegenomeleukemianeuronpsychoanalysisschizophreniatestosterone第23页/共27页Words Borrowed from ItalianInfluenzamalariaquarantine第24页/共27页Words Borrowed from SpanishMosquitoquinine第25页/共27页Words from Direct CoinageAcupunctureantacid第26页/共27页谢谢您的观看！第27页/共27页