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1、7.1 Types of Changes 词义变化的类型 Word-meaning changes by modes of extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,and transfer.词义的变化有词义的扩大，词义的缩小，词义的降格，词义的升格及词义的转移。Of these,extension and narrowing are by far the most common.在这几个变化类型中，词义的扩大和缩小是目前最常见的。第1页/共13页7.1.1 Extension词义的扩大Extension of meaning,also known a
2、s generalization,is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.词义的扩大也被称为普遍化，是指词的意义的扩展。这是一个词的词义从表达某一专门的意义转化到表示概括意义的过程。第2页/共13页A large proportion of polysemic words of modern E
3、nglish have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development.现在英语中的大多数多义词都是在词义的发展中扩大词义的。Extension of meaning is also found in many technical terms,which as the term suggests are confined to specialized use.许多意义有专指的技术术语中也有词义扩大的 现象。Words commonized from proper nouns have experienced the s
4、ame semantic change.由专有名词转化而来的普通名词也经历了同样的语义变化。第3页/共13页7.1.2 Narrowing 词义的缩小 Narrowing of meaning,also called specialization,is the opposite of widening meaning.It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.词义的缩小也称为词义的专业化，与词义的扩大相反。这是意义范围较大的词向意义较小的的方向演变的过程。第4
5、页/共13页 When a common word is turned into a proper noun,the meaning is narrowed accordingly.普通名词转化为专有名词时，词义也随之缩小。For economy,some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original,usually an adjective,is left to retain the meaning of the whole.有时为了简洁，有些词组只留下一部分（往往是形容词）来表示整个词组的意思。列兵The same i
6、s true of material nouns,which are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense.物质名词情况也一样，它们被用来指由这种物质构成的物体，因此它们有更具体的含义。第5页/共13页7.1.3 Elevation词义的的升格Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.词义的的升
7、格是指原来表示低微意义的词转而成为表示重要意义的词的词义演变过程。第6页/共13页7.1.4 Degradation词义的降格 Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation.It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.词义的降格与语义的升格相反，这是词从表示褒扬或中性的意义向表示贬
8、义的意义的演变的过程。第7页/共13页Transfer 词义的转移 Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.词义的转移是指原先指称某一事物的词后来转而指称另一事物的演变过程。There is associated transfer,for example,the lip of a wound;the tongue of a bell;the nose of a pl
9、ane,in which the meaning is transferred through association.还有一种词义转移叫联想转移。例如，伤口;舌铃;机首等都是通过联想产生的词义转移。第8页/共13页7.2 Causes of Changes 词义变化的原因 There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning.一般来说，词义变化有两大主要因素。1 Extra-linguistic factors:非语言因素 2 linguistic factors语言因素 第9页/共13页7.2.1 Extra
10、-linguistic factors:非语言因素1、Historical reason.历史原因2、Class reason.阶级原因 Language is just like a mirror,reflecting everything that exists in human society.Naturally,it records the speech and attitude of different social classes.阶级原因。语言就像一面镜子，反映人类社会存在的一切现象，自然也反映了社会各阶级的言语和态度。第10页/共13页3、Psychological reaso
11、n.心理原因 The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words,etc.are often due to psychological factors.由联想转移和委婉语引起的词义变化都属于心理原因。第11页/共13页7.2.2 Linguistic Factors7.2.2 Linguistic Factors语言因素The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system.语言系统的内部因素也可以引起语义的变化。The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.大量借词的涌入也引起了一些词的意义变化。the change of meaning is brought about by analogy.类比也产生了词义变化。第12页/共13页感谢您的观看！第13页/共13页