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1、Atoms,and Periodic TableReview the Lesson One第1页/共31页第2页/共31页1、彩烟是什么材料做的？白色烟剂：柴油、润滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色烟剂。u 彩色烟雾=白烟+各色染料固体彩烟：颜色相对较淡，留空时间也短。液体拉烟剂，理论拉烟时间7分钟。2、彩烟是怎么喷出来的？飞机机腹下加挂了一个液体拉烟吊舱，注入了高沸点的液体拉烟剂，通过氮气加压的方式将烟剂从拉烟喷嘴里“吹”出来，送入发动机喷出的高温燃气中，形成的蒸气遇冷后凝结成雾，就成为浓浓的彩烟。飞机发动机喷出的燃气与拉烟剂完美配合，最终形成喷烟。3、彩烟会不会造成污染？过去，有些拉
2、烟剂拉出来的颜色非常漂亮，红的、黄的、绿的，但是由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染环境，对人体有害，后来这样的拉烟剂都被淘汰了。第3页/共31页Atoms,and Periodic TableReview the Lesson One第4页/共31页The Atomic Theory of Matter1.Daltons Atomic Theory(1808)Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.All atoms of a given element are identical.The atoms of o
3、ne element are different from the atoms of all other elements.Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.Chemical reactions involve only the rearrangement of atoms;atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.element elimnts 元素元素compound kmpaund,kmpaund 化合物化合物rearrangement
4、rirendmnt 重排重排第5页/共31页The Discovery of Atomic Structure Atom consists of positive,negative,and neutral entities(protons,electrons,and neutrons).Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom,which is small.Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus.Electrons are located outside
5、of the nucleus.Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.atom tm n.原子原子proton prutnn.质子质子nucleus nju:klis 原子核原子核 第6页/共31页The Modern View of Atomic StructureIsotopes,Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers Atomic number(Z)=number of protons in the nucleus.Mass number(A)=total number of nucleons in t
6、he nucleus(number of protons+number of neutrons).Isotopes are atoms of the same element(Z)with different numbers of neutrons(A)in the nucleus.H11protonH21deuteriumH31tritium djutrm prtn trtmisotope astp 同位素第7页/共31页原子序数元素符号中文名称英文名12345678910HHeLiBeBCNOFNe氢氦锂铍硼碳氮氧氟氖Hydrogen haidrdn Helium hi:lim Lithi
7、um liim Beryllium brlm Boron b:rn Carbon k:bn Nitrogen naitrdnOxygen ksidnFluorine fluri:n Neon ni:n 第8页/共31页Ti11121314151617181920212223VNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaSc钠镁铝硅磷硫氯氩钾钙钪钛钒Sodium sudim Magnesium mni:zimAluminum lju:minmSilicon silikn,-knPhosphorus fsfrs Sulfur slf Chlorine kl:ri:nArgon :nPotassium pts
8、jmCalcium klsimScandium skndm Titanium taiteinimVanadium vnedm 第9页/共31页24252627282930313233343536CrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr铬锰铁钴镍铜锌镓锗砷硒溴氪Chromium krumjm Manganese mni:zIron ain Cobalt kub:lt Nickel niklCopper kp Zinc zik Gallium glmGermanium dmenm Arsenic s()nk Selenium sili:nim Bromine brumin Krypto
9、n kriptn 第10页/共31页Element Groups(Families)Alkali metal Alkaline EarthTransition MetalsRare EarthOther MetalsMetalloids非金属Non-MetalsHalogens卤素Noble Gasesperiod group（周期，分组）main group element（主族元素）transition element （过渡族元素）alkali metal lklai （碱金属）alkaline earth metal （碱土金属）hldnPeriodic table(元素周期表)第11
10、页/共31页The Modern Periodic TableAlkaliMetalsAlkalineEarthsNoble or Inert GasesHalogensChalcogensLanthanides(rare earth)ActinidesTransition MetalsMetalloids“semiconductors”Non-Metals第12页/共31页Try poison by silver needle 古人所指的毒，主要是指剧毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生产技术落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫与银接触，就可起化学反应，使银针的表面生成一层黑色的“
11、硫化银”。鸡蛋黄里边含有大量的硫也会使银针变黑。2Ag +S Ag2Ssilver slvsulphur slfsilver sulfide第13页/共31页Molecules and Ions and GasesThe Lesson Two第14页/共31页Molecules and Ions Molecule is an aggregate of two(diatomic)or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds.Molecular formula gives the actual num
12、bers and types of atoms in a molecule.第15页/共31页Ions and Ionic Compounds Cation:when an atom or molecule loses electrons,it becomes positively charged ion cation ktan 阳离子阳离子 anion nn 阴离子阴离子 Anion:When an atom or molecule gains electrons,it becomes negatively charged ions.Ionic compounds consist of ca
13、tions and anions.The ionic compound NaCl:cubic close packed,ccp第16页/共31页Chemical Nomenclature1.Ionic Compounds:cation first then aniona.Cation:name of element+(charge).1)Group 1 and 2-always+1 and+2;Name=name of the element Na+=sodium ion K+=potassium ion 2)Group 13,14 and 15 different possible char
14、ges;Indicate the charge with Roman Numerals and enclosed in parentheses.Al3+=Aluminum In+=Indium(I)Sn2+=Tin(II)Sn4+=Tin(IV)3)Transition Metals-charge variability,must give charges.Fe3+=Iron(III)Fe2+=Iron(II)Fe=Iron(0)b.Anions:Drop elemental ending(e.g.ine for group 17)and add ide.Cl-=Chloride Br-=Br
15、omide O2-=oxide S2-=sulfidec.Complex ions-ions composed of more than one element:Act as a unit and are named as a unit.n()meklt第17页/共31页Some Complex IonsNameFormulaNameFormulaCarbonateCO32-Hydrogen CarbonateHCO3-NitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-PhosphatePO43-Hydrogen PhosphateHPO42-Dihydrogen PhosphateH2PO4-Am
16、moniumNH4+SulfateSO42-Hydrogen SulfateHSO4-SulfiteSO32-Hydrogen SulfiteHSO3-ThiosulfateS2O32-AcetateCH3COO-PerchlorateClO4-ChlorateClO3-ChloriteClO2-HypochloriteClO-CyanideCN-DichromateCr2O72-ChromateCrO42-HydroxideOH-第18页/共31页2.Simple Binary Covalent Compoundsa.Name the less electronegative element
17、 first,then the more electro-negative element named as an anion(add ide).b.Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms.monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910mn daitrai tetr penthksheptktnundk第19页/共31页N2O=dinitrogen monoxide NO=nitrogen monoxideNO2=nitrogen dioxide N2O3=dinitrogen triox
18、ideN2O2=N2O5=3.ExamplesNaCl=sodium chloride Al2S3=aluminum sulfideCoBr3=cobalt(III)bromide Mg(ClO4)2=magnesium perchloratedinitrogen dioxide dinitrogen pentoxide第20页/共31页4.Some acidsNameFormulaNameFormulaSulfuric acidH2SO4Sulfurous acidH2SO3Nitric acidHNO3Nitrous acidHNO2Hypochlorous acidHClOChlorou
19、s acidHClO2Chloric acidHClO3Perchloric acidHClO4Phosphoric acidH3PO4Phosphorous acidH3PO3Carbonic acidH2CO3Carboxylic acidR-COOHHydrogen ChlorideHCl(g)Hydrochloric acidHCl(aq.)Hydrobromic acidHBr(aq.)Hydrosulfuric acidH2S(aq.)ic型后缀（-ic及其扩展形式）表示“的”第21页/共31页Chemical Equations Two conservation laws in
20、all chemical reactions:energy can neither be created or destroyed;mass is conserved in a chemical reaction.Chemical equations are descriptions of chemical reactions.Two parts to an equation:reactants and products.第22页/共31页Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometric coefficient:number in front
21、of the chemical formulas give numbers of molecules or atoms reacting and being produced.a.Write balanced chemical equationb.Convert quantities of known substances into molesc.Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantityd.Convert moles of sought quanti
22、ty into desired units第23页/共31页Elements and Substances in Gaseous StateCOCarbon monoxideOdorless,poisonous pzns 有毒的有毒的CO2Carbon dioxideOdorless,nonpoisonousNH3AmmoniaPungent odor,poisonousCH4MethaneOdorless,flammable flmb()l易燃的易燃的C2H2AcetyleneMild odor,flammableHClHydrogen chlorideChoking odor,harmfu
23、l and poisonousSO2Sulfur dioxideSuffocating odor,poisonousNO2Nitrogen dioxideRed-brown,irritating odor,very poisonousH2SHydrogen sulfideRotten egg odor,very poisonousodls 无色的第24页/共31页Characteristics of Gases Gases are highly compressible kmprsbl 可可压压缩缩性性的的and occupy the full volume of their containe
24、rs.Gases exert pressure,P=F/A(force/area).Gases always form homogeneous,homdins 均均相相的的，均均匀匀的的mixtures with other gases The composition of dry atmosphere#at sea level(%by Volume)&=increasing yearly *=variable depending upon pollution#=Water content is variable in actual contexts,ranging from over 5%t
25、o 1%Nitrogen 78.084Hydrogen 0.0010Oxygen 20.948Helium 0.0052Argon 0.934Methane 0.0002*Carbon dioxide 0.033&Krypton 0.0001Neon 0.00182Xenon 0.000008Carbon monoxide,ozone,ammonia,nitrogen dioxide,sulfur dioxide 0.00001*第25页/共31页Pressure Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer.If a tube is in
26、serted into a container of mercury open to atmosphere,the mercury will rise 760 mm up the tube(at sea level).Barometerbrmt气压计气压计1 pascal(Pa)=1 N/m21 atm=760 mmHg=760 torr1 atm=101,325 Pa(105)Units of Pressure:Standard atmospheric pressure is the pressure required to support 760 mm of Hg in a column.
27、Pressure=ForceArea第26页/共31页The Gas LawThe Ideal Gas Equation Boyle:V 1/P(constant n,T)Charles:V T (constant n,P)Avogadro:V n (constant P,T)CombinedIdeal Gas Equation R(ideal gas constant)=8.314 J/mol-K(SI unit)STP(Standard Temperature and Pressure):0 C(273.15 K)and 1 atm.Volume of 1 mol of gas at ST
28、P is 22.4 L第27页/共31页Gas Mixtures and Partial PressuresSince gas molecules are so far apart,we assume they behave independently.Daltons Law:in a gas mixture the total pressure is given by the sum of partial pressures of each component.For one gas in the mixture,its pressure fraction is the same as its mole fraction.Pi/Ptotal=ni/ntotal=Xi第28页/共31页Homework1.Write elements of Alkali metal,Alkaline Earth and Halogens,respectively.2.Prefixes from 1 to 103.Chemical Nomenclature：(1)MgCl2(2)Na2CO3(3)Al(NO3)3(4)KHSO4(5)HF(gas,and L)第29页/共31页第30页/共31页感谢您的观看。第31页/共31页