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1、A Brief Outline of British LiteratureI.TheearlyandMedievalliterature1.TheOldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)2.TheMiddleEnglishPeriod(1066-1485)II.TheEnglishRenaissance(1485-1660)III.The17thcentury(1603-1688)IV.The18thCentury(1688-1798)V.TheAgeofRomanticism(1798-1832)第1页/共18页 VI.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)VII.
2、The20thcentury(1901-)第2页/共18页definition of literatureLiteraturereferstoAllwrittenorspokencompositions(discourses)designedtotellstories,dramatizesituationsandrevealthoughtsandemotions,andalsomoreimportantly,tointerest,entertain,stimulate,broadenandennoblereaders.第3页/共18页 Whattolearninthiscourse?1.his
3、toricalandculturalbackground2.lifestoryofthemasters3.masterpiecesintroductionandfeatures4.someimportantliterarytermsandtheirmeanings.第4页/共18页The Middle Ages lasted from the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon invasion(449)to the end of the Wars of Roses(1485).It can be further divided into two periods:the
4、Old English Period(449-1066)and the Middle English Period(1066-1485)We can say English literature actually began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain in the middle of the 5th century.玫瑰战争:1455年至1485年其间，兰开斯特家族(House of Lancaster)和约克家族(House of York)的支持者为了英格兰王位而发生断续的内战，史称玫瑰战争(Wars of the Roses)，
5、或蔷薇战争。两个家族都是金雀花王朝皇族的分支，为英王爱德华三世的后裔。“玫瑰战争”一名源于两个皇族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红玫瑰和约克的白玫瑰。第5页/共18页Lecture one:The Old English PeriodThe History BackgroundThe History BackgroundTheMakingoftheNation1.TheearlyinhabitantsintheislandwenowcallEnglandwereBritons,atribeofCelts,whichwasprimitivepeople,livingintribalsociety.Fro
6、mtheBritonstheislandgotitsnameofBritain,thelandofBritons.2.TheRomanConquestIn55B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCaesar(凯撒大帝)theRomanconqueror.In410A.D.,alltheRomantroopswentbacktothecontinentandneverreturned.ThusendedtheRomanoccupationinBritain,whichlastedforabout400years.famouswords:“I came,I saw,I co
7、nquered.”第6页/共18页 3.The English ConquestThethreeGermanictribes-Angles,SaxonsandJutesconqueredBritainandsettleddownthereinthe5thcentury.Bythe7thcentury,sevenkingdoms,heptarchyaunitedkingdom:“England”,“thelandofAngles”.Angles,SaxonsandJutesusuallyknownasAnglo-SaxonsarethefirstEnglishmen.Languagespoken
8、bythemiscalledtheoldEnglish,whichisthefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature.4.The Danish InvasionAbout 787,the English began to betroubledbybandsofDanishvikings.Atfirsttheyjustinvadedpartsofthecountryfromtime to time.Graduallythey cameto makepermanentsettlement.The great hero of the time was King
9、Alfred the Great(849-901),who succeededindrivingofftheDanes.Afterhisdeath,theDanesoccupiedEnglandin1013andhelditforabout30years.第7页/共18页Three Three tribes:tribes:Angles Angles in the in the east;east;Jutes in Jutes in the the southeasoutheast;st;Saxons Saxons in the in the southsouth第8页/共18页5.TheNor
10、manConquestFrech-speakingNormans,undertheleadershipofWilliam,DukeofNormandycamein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedastheKingofEngland.TheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.第9页/共18页The Old English LiteratureThe general view:Englishliteratureactuallybeganwit
11、htheAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland.Anglo-Saxonswereheathenpeople.TheybelievedinoldmythologyofNorthernEurope.ThatiswhytheNorthernmythologyhasleftitsmarkupontheEnglishlanguage.Inthe7thcentury,Anglo-SaxonswereChristianized.Theliteratureofthisperiodfallsnaturallyintotwodivisions:paganandreligious.Andthe
12、mainliteraryformsarepoetryandprose.第10页/共18页poetry:pagan and religious1.pagan poetryBeowulf:thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople(英国的民族史诗)3182lines,unknowncomposerDefinitionofepic:anextenednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,celebratingthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Eg.HomersIlia
13、d&Odyssey 第11页/共18页Prototype:folklegendsofprimitiveNortherntribeslivinginimpenetrableforests,theyhadtofightagainstbeasts.Theywerebravebutsuperstitious.Story:1.fightingwiththemonster,Grendelandhismother2.fightingwiththefiredragonandhisdeath第12页/共18页WritingFeatures:ItisnotaChristianbutapaganpoem,despi
14、tetheChristianflavorgiventoitbythemonasteryscribe.Itistheproductofalladvancedpagancivilization.Thewholepoempresentsusanall-roundpictureofthetribalsociety.Thesocialconditionsandcustomscanbeseeninit.Sothepoemhasagreatsocialsignificance.Theuseofthestrongstressandthepredominanceofconsonantsareverynotabl
15、einthispoem.Eachlineisdividedintotwohalves,andeachhalfhastwoheavystresses.Theuseofthealliterationisanothernotablefeature.Threestressesofthewholelinearemadeevenmoreemphaticbytheuseofalliteration.Alotofmetaphorsandunderstatementsareusedinthepoem.Forexample,theseaiscalledthewhale-roadortheswanroad;thes
16、oldiersarecalledshield-man;thechieftainsarecalledthetreasurekeepers;human-bodyisreferredtoasthebone-house;Godiscalledwonder-wielder;monsterisreferredtoassoul-destroyer.第13页/共18页AlliterationAlsoknownasinitial rhymeorhead rhyme,istherepetitionofinitialconsonantsoundsintwoormoreneighboringwordsorsyllab
17、les.Eg.Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest,keenest to praise.(Inalliterativeverse,certainaccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,threeofwhichshowalliteration.)第14页/共18页metaphors&understatementsmetaphors&understatements:eg.king
18、=“Ring-giver”“Not troublesome”=very welcome attendant=“hearth-companions”“Need not praise”=right to condemn sea=“swans bath”&“whales road”ship=“sea-wood”AllthesebringanimpressionofreserveandatingeofironicalhumorwhichhasbecomepermanentcharacteristicsoftheEnglish.谨慎客气讽刺幽默第15页/共18页2.Religious PoetryCae
19、dmon:thefirstknownreligiouspoetofEnglandandthefatherofEnglishsong.CynewulfProse 1.VenerableBede2.AlfredtheGreat第16页/共18页Literary TraitsAnglo-Saxonliterature,thatis,theOldEnglishliteratureisatmostexclusivelyaverseliteratureinoralform.Itcouldbepasseddownbywordofmouthfromgenerationtogeneration.Itscreat
20、orforthemostpartisunknown.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.ThereweretwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiod.ThefirstgroupwasthepaganpoetryrepresentedbyBeowulf,thesecondwasthereligiouspoetryrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmonandCynewulf.Inthe8thcentury,Anglo-Saxonproseappeared.ThefamousprosewritersofthatperiodwereVenerableBedeandAlfredtheGreat.第17页/共18页感谢您的观看！第18页/共18页