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1、English Academic Writing英语学术论文写作/学术英语写作Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Researching the TopicChapter 3 Data Collection and EvaluationChapter 4 Writing StyleChapter 5 Paper WritingChapter 6 AbstractChapter 7 International ConferenceChapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Purposes Chapter 1 Introducti
2、on1.1 Definition of Academic Writing-to summarize or synthesize information and ideas gathered from research-to explain,compare and contrast,evaluate,or analyze concepts,events,and phenomenon-to argue for or against a position in an ongoing debate1.2 Characteristics of Good Academic WritingFor all w
3、ritings:-Unity:a harmonious whole-Coherence:well connected,logical relations-Emphasis:stress to important ideas-Development:elaboration and expansion-Clarity:precise,concise,lucidFor Academic Writing:-It is based on extensive research of proved facts and authoritative testimony.first-hand experiment
4、s field research library research-The authors voice tends to be objective and neutral.unemotional-The style tends to be formal.academic periodicals,accurate information-Appropriate diction.colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided,technical terms,abbreviation-Syntactical level.long complex sen
5、tence,simple-present tense,passive voice,non-finite verbs(participles,infinitives,gerunds)-Neat appearance and format.1.3 Differences between the papers published inside and outside China1.3.1 Papers published in ChinaChinese and English titles,Chinese and English abstract,Chinese and English keywor
6、ds,The body,References,Appendix,Information about the author1.3.2 Papers published outside ChinaTitle,Abstract,Introduction,The body,Conclusions and recommendations,Acknowledgement,References,Appendix1.4 Procedures of Academic WritingStep 1:Choice of Topic Choose a general topic Write a rough propos
7、al Limit the topic to a plausible oneStep 2:Collection and Evaluation of Data Collect books,journals and research articles Evaluate data collected Photocopy data Prepare note and bibliography cardsStep 3:Development of Outline Decide on organization of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop pape
8、r outlineStep 4:Writing Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as neededStep 5:Revision,Editing and References Revise content and organization Adjust style and tone Correct diction,spelling,grammar,punctuation as necessary Document all the sources quotedStep 6:Preparation of Abstr
9、act Observe abstract word limit Ensure accuracy,brevity and clarityStep 7:Preparation of Final Details Assemble all parts Make final revision Prepare References section Write acknowledgementsChapter 2 Researching the Topic2.1 Principles of Title Selection-Value Principle-Scientific Principle-Innovat
10、ive Principle-Feasibility Principle2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title-Consult your professor or an expert-Participate in academic conferences and academic lectures-Select from puzzling problems-Read books and newspapers-Choose from your own interests-Literature review2.3 Ways to Narrow Down TitlesExam
11、ple:LiteratureLiterary CriticismLiterary Criticism at CambridgeThe Tradition and Development of Literary Criticism at CambridgeExercise:Humanities2.4 Formats for TitleExamples:1)OSCILLATIONS IN GRANULAR DYNAMICS2)Structural Analyses Based on a Point Charge Model3)Fast atom bombardment mass spectra o
12、f nebramycin within 15 words4)Coronary Artery Disease:Diet and patient Health2.5 Tables and Figures2.5.1 Tables-A table should be self-contained.-A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description.-Provide each table with a number(eg:Table1,Table2,etc.)and a title.-The title shoul
13、d be clear,concise,complete and accurate.-Sometimes a note is added at the bottom of the table.Example:Table 2-6 Correlation between variables1234567Gender.Age.Urgency.Sensation.Commissions.PI index.*Note:.2.5.2 Figures2.5.2.1 Graphs-can be used to compare two variables2.5.2.2 Drawings and Photograp
14、hs-to illustrate organisms,experimental apparatus,models of structures,etc.2.5.2.3 Types of figures1)Line charts2)Bar charts3)Pie charts2.6 Cause and Effect2.6.1 Cause-Effect ParagraphDevelopment Pattern:Effect 1Cause Effect 2 Effect 3 2.6.2 Effect-Cause ParagraphDevelopment Pattern:Cause 1Effect Ca
15、use 2 Cause 3Exercise1:Analyze the structure of this paragraph and try to determine the effect and its causes.Then find the linking words in the paragraph.The role of women in todays society is changing.One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens
16、 movement.Also,women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home.Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women.Moreover,men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independenc
17、e positively.Exercise 2:Combine the following two sentences expressing the cause-and-effect relationship.1)He escaped from his orphanage.He was distressed by the brutal conditions there.2)He had a rough life in Moscow.He had no family to turn to.3)He was not easily to be captured.He had learned not
18、to trust adults.Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation3.1 Principles of Data Collection and selection3.1.1 Centered around the theme3.1.2 True and verifiable（可证实的)3.1.3 Typical3.1.4 Novel 3.2 Developing an Outline3.2.1 Two Main Components for Effective Outlines3.2.1.1 ParallelismExample:I.Choose D
19、esired CollegesII.Prepare ApplicationIII.Compile Resume 3.2.1.2 SubordinationExample:I.Describe an influential person in your life A.Favorite high school teacher B.Grandparent3.3 Types of Outlines3.3.1 Alphanumeric（由字母数字组成的）Outlines-Roman Numerals -Capitalized Letters -Arabic Numerals -Small Letters
20、 -Arabic Numerals within Brackets -Small Letters within BracketsExample:The College Application ProcessI.Choose Desired Colleges A.Visit and evaluate college campuses B.Visit and evaluate college websites 1.look for interesting classes 2.Note important statistics a.Student/faculty ratio b.Retention
21、rateII.Prepare Application A.Write Personal Statement 1.Choose interesting topic a.Describe an influential person in your life (1)Favorite high school teacher (2)Grandparent 2.Include important personal details a.Volunteer work b.Participation in varsity sports B.Revise personal statementIII.Compile
22、 resume A.List relevant coursework B.List work experience C.list volunteer experience 1.tutor at foreign language summer camp 2.counselor for suicide prevention hotline3.3.2 Full Sentence OutlinesExample:I.Man-made pollution is the primary cause of global warming.A.Greenhouse gas emissions are widel
23、y identified as harmful by the scientific community.1.The burning of coal and fossil fuels are the primary releasers of hazardous greenhouse gases.3.3.3 Decimal（十进位的；小数的）OutlinesExample:1.Choose Desired College 1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses 1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites 1.2.1 Loo
24、k for interesting classes 1.2.2 Note important statisticsExercise:Suppose you have chosen a topic and found enough data to write your paper,now write an outline for your paper.3.4 Comparison and ContrastTwo Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast-Subject-by-subject-Point-by-pointExample:Subjects
25、 Points of C&C1.Prof.Simmons a.classroom instruction b.homework c.exam d.grading2.Prof.Wu a.classroom instruction b.homework c.exam d.gradingPoints of C&C Subjectsa.classroom instruction 1.Prof.Simmons 2.Prof.Wub.homework 1.Prof.Simmons 2.Prof.Wuc.exam 1.Prof.Simmons 2.Prof.Wud.grading 1.Prof.Simmon
26、s 2.Prof.Wu Exercise:-Pros and cons of globalization-Positive and negative aspects of living in a large city Chapter 4 Writing Style4.1 Citation4.1.1 In-Text Citation4.1.1.1 One author(1)Enzymes are inhibited by cyanide(Grubb,1977).Because enzymes are inhibited by cyanide(Grubb 1977),I expect to fin
27、d(2)Grubb(1977)found that cyanide inhibits enzymes.Because Grubb(1977)found that cyanide inhibits enzymes (3)As early as 1977,Grubb observed the inhibitory effect of cyanide on enzyme action.4.1.1.2 More than one study (1)Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1
28、983)4.1.1.3 More than three authors (1)Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Grubb et al.,1985).4.4.1.4 Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.(1)Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,
29、7,12,16,19.Alongside mixing and segregation of granular materials4.2 References4.2.1 APA(American Psychological Association)style:social sciences Print Sources:-Book by one author:#Sheril,R.D.(1956).The terrifying future:contemplating color television.San Diego:Halstead.-Book by two authors or more:
30、#Rubin,J.,&Thompson,I.(1994).How to be a more successful language teacher.2nd ed.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.-Article in a journal:#Crackton,P.(1987).The Loonie:Gods long-awaited gift to colorful pocket change?Canadian Change,64(7),34-37.Electronic sources:-Article in an online journal:#Blofeld,E.S.(1994,M
31、arch1).Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture.Felines&Felons,4,Article 0046g.Retrieved October 3,1999,from http:/journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html-Book on CD:#Nix,G.(2002).Lirael,Daughter of the Clayr【CD】.New York:Random House/Listening library.-Movie:#Gilby,A.(Pr
32、oducer),&Schlesinger,J.(Director).(1995).Cold comfort farm【Motion picture】.Universal city,CA:MCA Universal Home Video.4.2.2 MLA(Modern Language Association)style:liberal arts and humanitiesPrint Sources:-Book by one author:#Bambrough,Renford.The Philosophy of Aristotle.New York:The New American Libr
33、ary,1963.-Book by two or three authors:#Atwan,Robert,donald Mcquade,and John Wright.Edsels,Luckies,and Frifidaires:Advertising the American Way.New York:Dell,1979.-Book by four or more authors:#Belenky,Mary Field,et al.Womens Ways of Knowing:the Development of Self,Voice,and Mind.New York:Basic,1986
34、.-Article in a journal:#Maguire,James H.“The Canon and the Diminished Thing.”American Literature 60(1988):645-52.Electronic sources:-Article in an online journal:#Rogers,Michael.“The Practical Futurist:The Secret of Online Romance.”Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive(October,2002).28 Dec.,2002http:/nl.N
35、ewsbank.Com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11-CD-ROM:#”Communion.”The Oxford English Dictionary.2nd ed.CD-ROM.Oxford:Oxford UP,1992.4.2.3 ACS(American Chemical Society)style;CBE(Council of Biology Editors)style,etc:natural sciencesACS style:-Book:#Anastas,P.T.;Warner,J.C.Green Chemistr
36、y:Theory and practice;Oxford University Press:Oxford,1998.-Online Journal:#Borman,S.Sucrose Synthesis Sets A Record.Chem.Eng.News【Online】1990,78,52.However,not all journals are in strict compliance with the style guides.Eg:Nature,Science#British journal Nature:1.Nagy,L.&Schwabe,J.W.Mechanism of the
37、nuclear receptor molecular switch.Trends Biochem.Sci.29,317324(2004).2.Sonoda,J.,Pei,L.&Evans,R.M.Nuclear receptors:decoding metabolic disease.FEBS lett.582,29(2008).3.Raghuram,S.et al.Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBa and REV-ERBb.Nature Struct.Mol.Biol.
38、14,1207 1213(2007).4.Yin,L.et al.Rev-erba,a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways.Science 318,1786 1789(2007).4.2.4 中文参考文献格式（也可参考中文权威学术期刊格式要中文参考文献格式（也可参考中文权威学术期刊格式要求）：求）：-专著、编著、译著等：#杜维明.东亚价值与多元现代性【M】.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001#申丹.文学文体学与小说翻译【M】.北京:北京大学出版社,1995-期刊文章:#程爱民.原型批评的整体性文化批评倾向【
39、J】.外国文学,2000(5):67-74-报纸文章:#冯宪光.借鉴与重构:西方马克思主义文学批评在中国【N】.文艺报,1999/11/23(3)Exercise:Document the following sources in the APA style using the information below.1.In 1982 an article called“Hearers and Speech Acts”was written for volume 58 of the journal named language.It was on pages 332-373 and the au
40、thors were Herbert H.Clark and Thomas H.Carlson.2.Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spring in 1962.it was published in Boston by Houghton Mifflin.4.3 Language Style:Features:-Formal-Objective-Concise-Varied4.3.1 Formality-Avoid slang and too casual language:eg.“Cool”,“pretty awful”.-Use full
41、forms of words rather than abbreviations,eg.“does not,should have,it is”rather than“doesnt,shouldve,its”.-Use single verbs rather than phrasal verbs,eg.“investigate”rather than“look into”.-Use powerful reporting words:eg.Support,claim,suggest,recommend,etc.-Use complex rather than simple sentences,a
42、nd long rather than short paragraphs.Exercise:Rewrite the following sentences in more formal academic English:1.You can understand something better if it is repeated.2.Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.3.Did you know that spoken and written language are very differe
43、nt?4.3.2 Objectivity-Use impersonal expressions and the passive voice,eg:It can be concluded that,It has been claimed that-Use third person pronouns,avoid the first person“I,we”or second person“you”.-Avoid words that have emotional or attitudinal connotations.Exercise:Rewrite the following sentences
44、 in more objective,academic English.1.I think that all guns should be banned.2.I observed 43 students of a third-grade class at Barksdale School for two weeks.3.The doctor prepared his necessary surgical equipment.4.3.3 Conciseness-Be precise and specific.-Reduce unnecessary words.Wordy(Redundant)Co
45、ncisein recent yearsrecentlywith a high degree of certaintycertainat this moment in timeCurrently,nowfew in numberfew4.3.4 Variety-Use a variety of words and sentence structures.Exercise:Correct the following sentences to make them more academic.1.The university is asking for more money.2.Is it real
46、ly true that the Great Wall of China is visible from space?3.Some commentators say that students lack creativity.They also lack imagination.4.According to Wong(2003,p.41),he says that the information is inaccurate.Exercise:Change the following spoken text into a written text.Spoken text Nowadays com
47、panies are finding that they have to change the way they do things and theyre finding that human resources planning is really helpful when they have to do this.One reason why its helpful is because it can help the companies work out what the issues are and then,when youve done that,it can help you m
48、ake up your mind what youre going to do about it.Basically,human resource planning is what you do when youre going throughWritten text As companies experience the need for change,they often apply human resource planning to define the relevant issues and develop responses to them.Broadly defined,huma
49、n resource planning is the process of analyzing an organizations human resources needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to satisfy those needs.Chapter 5 Paper Writing-Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion-Conclusions and Recommendations-Acknowledgement5.1 Intro
50、duction-a description of the nature of the problem and current state of knowledge or understanding at the beginning of the investigation(background);-a statement of the purpose and scope;-hypothesis and prediction.-the past or present tense,never the future tenseEg:#This study investigates the relat