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1、2.)认为；以为某人认为；以为某人,某事某事(是是)的的He considers waste to be/as criminal.认为奢侈是有罪的认为奢侈是有罪的She is considered(to be/as)an intelligent woman.她被认为是一个聪慧的女人。她被认为是一个聪慧的女人。He considers success(to be/as)of little importance.他认为成功并不重要。他认为成功并不重要。I consider it(to be/as)a great honor.我认为这是极大的荣幸。我认为这是极大的荣幸。We consider tha
2、t the driver is not to blame.我们认为这不是司机的过错。我们认为这不是司机的过错。*He considered _ typing the report so far should agree to join us.a.finishing b.to finish c.having finished d.to have finished重要句式重要句式:1.)sb consider sth=sb think about sth =sb take sth into consideration/account2.)sb consider doing sth/being do
3、ne3.)sb consider that S+P d4.)sb consider sb/sth(to be/as)+adj/n =sb regard/think of/look on/look upon sb/sth as+adj/n*5.)sb be considered to have done sth形容词词形形容词词形:considerable 相当大的；相当多的相当大的；相当多的The TV play received considerable acclaim.这部电视剧获得很高评价。这部电视剧获得很高评价。a writer of considerable influence.一名
4、有很大影一名有很大影响的作家响的作家The economy was a considerable issue in the campaign.在竞选运动中经济是一个重要问题在竞选运动中经济是一个重要问题2.spare的一词多义的一词多义:A.动词动词:1.)供应供应;付出付出;抽出抽出;匀出匀出Can you spare(me)ten minutes?你能抽出特别钟你能抽出特别钟吗吗?I have no time to spare.我抽不出时间。我抽不出时间。Now we can spare no one to do any other work2.)使免遭：使解除或免于经验或做（某事）：使免
5、遭：使解除或免于经验或做（某事）：She spared herself the trouble of going.她省却她省却了去一趟的麻烦了去一趟的麻烦重要词组重要词组:1.)sbA spare(sbB)sth2.)sb spare sth to do sth3.)sbA spare sbB/oneself+sth =sbA save sbB/oneself+sth*4.)sb spare no efforts/expense to do sth =sb try ones best to do sth =sb go _ to do sth =sb take _ to do sth all o
6、utgreat troubleB.形容词形容词:备用的备用的;多余的，剩余的多余的，剩余的a spare tire备用轮胎备用轮胎spare cash余款余款If you have a spare bed,may I stay tonight?假如你有空床的话，今晚我可以留下吗？假如你有空床的话，今晚我可以留下吗？Have you any spare time to help me?你有空帮助我吗？你有空帮助我吗？You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!空闲时你就坐在这里读地毯吧空闲时你就坐在这里读地毯吧!(sb do s
7、th)in ones spare time 3.set(v)的几个重要的基本含义的几个重要的基本含义:1.)放置：放在指定的地方；放置：放在指定的地方；set a book on a table.在桌上放一本书在桌上放一本书2.)使处于某种状态：使处于某种状态：set the prisoner at liberty.给犯人自由给犯人自由3.)固定：固定或处于不动状态：固定：固定或处于不动状态：He set his jaw and concentrated on flying the plane through the storm.他固定下颌，专心于在风暴中飞行他固定下颌，专心于在风暴中飞行4.
8、)校正：将（钟表校正：将（钟表,仪器）调整到某定点或刻度：仪器）调整到某定点或刻度：set an alarm clock.上闹钟上闹钟5.)创立：创立某项活动的最高水平：树立：树立榜样：创立：创立某项活动的最高水平：树立：树立榜样：set a world record.创世界纪录创世界纪录A parent must set a good example for the children.父母必需为孩子树立好榜样父母必需为孩子树立好榜样6.)落下：消逝在地平线下：落下：消逝在地平线下：The sun set at seven that evening.那晚太阳七点落下那晚太阳七点落下 7.)调整
9、；支配调整；支配People used to set their watches by the radio.人们过去常依据收音机对表。人们过去常依据收音机对表。set the clock调整钟表调整钟表The teacher set us a test.老师支配了我们一个测验。老师支配了我们一个测验。The fastest runner set the pace and the others followed.“跑得最快的人确定了步速跑得最快的人确定了步速,其他人在后面跟着跑。其他人在后面跟着跑。Set 构成的重要词组构成的重要词组:1.)a.set about sth/doing sth =
10、set out to do sth 起先起先 b.set out(for+地点地点)动身动身(去某地去某地)set about solving the problem.着手解决问题着手解决问题2.)set aside sth留出，拨出留出，拨出,把把存起来存起来3.)set down记录：写下；记录：记录：写下；记录：We set down the facts.我们登记事实我们登记事实4.)set forth sth=put_sth=bring _sth 提出：提出想法；建议：提出：提出想法；建议：set forth a sound plan.提出一个合理的支配提出一个合理的支配5.)set
11、offa.动身，启程动身，启程(=set out；set forth)One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm.一天下一天下午午,她乘坐小船从海岸动身她乘坐小船从海岸动身,遇到了一场暴风雨。遇到了一场暴风雨。The children set off for school.孩子们上学去了。孩子们上学去了。b.使爆使爆 炸，引起爆炸炸，引起爆炸As a traditional way to celebrate the new year,setting off firecrac
12、kers is justifiably welcomed by most Chinese people.燃放鞭炮燃放鞭炮,作为一种传统的庆贺新年活动作为一种传统的庆贺新年活动,天经地义地受到天经地义地受到大多数中国人民的欢迎。大多数中国人民的欢迎。c.引起（突发的动作）；导致（突然的活动）引起（突发的动作）；导致（突然的活动）The news set off a rush of activity.这消息令人蜂拥而动。这消息令人蜂拥而动。6.)set up 建立：建立：set up a charity.建立一家慈善机构建立一家慈善机构7.)set on sb攻击；攻击攻击；攻击5.break构成
13、的词组构成的词组:1.)break away(from sb/sth)a.(从从处处)逃走；逃脱逃走；逃脱The robbery suspect broke away from the lockup.抢劫嫌疑犯从拘留所逃脱了。抢劫嫌疑犯从拘留所逃脱了。Modern music like jazz has broken away fromthe old traditional rules.(喻喻)(摆脱摆脱,放弃放弃,戒除戒除)现代音乐如爵士乐摆脱了旧的传统规则。现代音乐如爵士乐摆脱了旧的传统规则。b.断裂；开裂断裂；开裂A large piece of ice broke away from
14、the main block.一大块冰从整个大冰块上断裂开来。一大块冰从整个大冰块上断裂开来。2.)break downa.（机器）损坏（机器）损坏:sth break downOur truck broke down outside town.我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。The car broke down halfway to thedestination.汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。The 8 oclock train broke down at Ferngreen station and was taken off the line.
15、8点钟的那趟车因在芬格林车站出了故障而被取消了。点钟的那趟车因在芬格林车站出了故障而被取消了。The elevator broke down.电梯出毛病了电梯出毛病了b.失败；裂开失败；裂开 sth break down(引申义引申义)Their opposition broke down.他们的反对看法打消了。他们的反对看法打消了。The peace talks are said to have broken down.(喻喻)据说和谈裂开了。据说和谈裂开了。c.精神崩溃；身体垮掉精神崩溃；身体垮掉 sb braek down(引申义引申义)He broke down and wept.他不
16、禁失声痛哭。他不禁失声痛哭。d.起化学变更起化学变更;从化学上分解，从化学上分解，sthA break down sthBFood is broken down by chemicals.化学物质引起食物转化。化学物质引起食物转化。Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。3.)sb break up sth;sth break upa.把把分裂成碎片；分开：分裂分裂成碎片；分开：分裂;裂开裂开break up a chocol
17、ate bar.把一块长条巧克力弄碎把一块长条巧克力弄碎The ice will break up when the warm weather comes.天气转暖天气转暖,冰层就会裂开。冰层就会裂开。Their marriage broke up.他们的婚姻裂开了。他们的婚姻裂开了。b.分散：散开分散：散开,使使分散分散/散开散开,拆散拆散The crowd broke up after the game.竞赛结束后人群四面散开竞赛结束后人群四面散开The police broke up the fighting crowd.警察驱散了打架的人群。警察驱散了打架的人群。4.)sb break
18、 off(sth)a.断绝（关系）不再友好，绝交断绝（关系）不再友好，绝交Weve decided to break off the relationshipwith that country.b.停下停下(工作工作,讲话讲话)Lets break off(work)for a break.5.)break ina.sb break in(不行跟地点不行跟地点)闯入；强行进入闯入；强行进入The burglar broke in and stole my money.夜窃贼破门而入夜窃贼破门而入,偷了我的钱。偷了我的钱。b.sb break in(on sbB)打断；插嘴打断；插嘴=inter
19、rupt(sb)Its her usual habit to break in with some ideas of her own.他常常打断别人的话来发表自己的观点。他常常打断别人的话来发表自己的观点。Children shouldnt break in on adults conversation.小孩子不要打断大人们的谈话。小孩子不要打断大人们的谈话。The telephone ring broke in on/upon my thoughts.电话铃声打断了我的思路。电话铃声打断了我的思路。6.)sb break into sth:闯入某处闯入某处The thieves broke
20、into the office and stole some money.小偷闯入办公室，偷了一些钱。小偷闯入办公室，偷了一些钱。The bandits broke into the jewelry and stole nearly all the valuable necklaces.土匪们闯进了珠宝店盗走了几乎全部值钱的项链。土匪们闯进了珠宝店盗走了几乎全部值钱的项链。7.)A break through B突破突破After the storm the sun broke through the clouds.风暴过后太阳冲破了云层。风暴过后太阳冲破了云层。The guerrillas
21、soon broke through.游击队很快就突围了。游击队很快就突围了。At last,those physicians and specialists broke through in their fight against heart disease.那些内科医生和专家们最终在同心脏病的斗争那些内科医生和专家们最终在同心脏病的斗争中取得了突破。中取得了突破。Sb break through in sth(引申义引申义)7.call构成的重要词组构成的重要词组:1.)call fora.sb call for sth(help)本义本义:大声呼救大声呼救b.要求；须要：要求；须要：sb
22、/sthA call for Bwork that calls for patience.须要耐性的工作须要耐性的工作The occasion calls for a cool head.这种场合须要冷静的头脑。这种场合须要冷静的头脑。c.sbA call for sbB(+介词介词+地点地点/+介词介词+时间时间)2.)call up a.sbA call up sbB =sbA ring up/telephone sbBb.sthA call up sthB 唤起：使人忆起；带入心中：唤起：使人忆起；带入心中：stories that call up old times.使人怀旧的故事使人
23、怀旧的故事3.)SbA call in sbB邀请：邀请：call in a specialist.邀请一个专家邀请一个专家*Sb call in sick打电话请假打电话请假4.)sb call off sth取消：取消：=sb cancel/abolish sthcall off a trip;取消旅游；取消旅游；The meeting has been called off.会议取消了。会议取消了。5.)call ona.sbA call on sbB=sbA drop in on sbB探望探望Ill call on him tomorrow.明天我去探望他。明天我去探望他。*sb c
24、all at+地点地点=sb drop in at+地点地点b.sbA call on sbB to do sth号召；呼吁号召；呼吁8.limit的基本用法的基本用法:A.名词：名词：限制；限定限制；限定;边界；界限边界；界限 a/the limit to sth/to doing sthThere is a limit to the amount of money I can afford.我能付得起的钱数是有限的。我能付得起的钱数是有限的。The speed limit is the fastest speed you are allowed to drive a car at.限速是允
25、许驾车的最快速限速是允许驾车的最快速度。度。within the city limits.在城市范围内在城市范围内B.动词动词:限制：限制或限定在一边界或范围之内规定，限制：限制或限定在一边界或范围之内规定，指定：明确地规定；限定（与指定：明确地规定；限定（与to连用）连用）Sb/sthA limit sb/sthB to sth/doing sthThe Constitution limits the Presidents termof office to four years.宪法规定总统的任期四年。宪法规定总统的任期四年。This driver received a ticket bec
26、ause he failed to limit his speed while driving in heavy traffic.那位司机收到了一个违章通知单，因为他在车辆那位司机收到了一个违章通知单，因为他在车辆多的地方没能限制开车速度。多的地方没能限制开车速度。At the conference,each speaker is required to limit his speech to 5 minutes.The police limited the suspect to walking in the room.I limited myself to two modest ambiti
27、ons;to do physical exercises every morning and toread more of an evening.我把自己的决心限制于两项小小的志向：即每天早晨做体我把自己的决心限制于两项小小的志向：即每天早晨做体操，常在晚上多读一点书。操，常在晚上多读一点书。We must limit our expense to what we can afford.我们必需不使开支超出我们的支付实力我们必需不使开支超出我们的支付实力Adj:limited有限的有限的He seems to have only a limited intelligence.似乎他的智力有限。
28、似乎他的智力有限。*Co.ltd/Inc13.cut构成的词组构成的词组:1.)cut offa.sb/sthA cut off sthB:截断截断的道路或通道：的道路或通道：中断或打断中断或打断的通讯线路：切断的通讯线路：切断供应供应,供应供应The telephone operator cut us off.电话接线员把我们的线路切断了电话接线员把我们的线路切断了The countrys economy could collapse if oil supplied were cut off.b.A cut off B(from C):分别，隔离：分别，隔离：A使使B与与C隔绝隔绝The v
29、illage was cut off(by the heavy snow)from the outside world.2.)sb cut down(on sth);cut down sth to+数词数词削减：削减食用或运用的数量：削减：削减食用或运用的数量：cut down on ones intake of rich foods.削减对多油腻食物的食量削减对多油腻食物的食量cut down on smoking削减抽烟削减抽烟cut down the price of the TV set to$200*砍倒；砍伤；砍死砍倒；砍伤；砍死(本义本义)cut down a tree with
30、 an axe用斧头把树砍倒用斧头把树砍倒3.)cut out sth切去，删去：用或似乎用切割来去除切去，删去：用或似乎用切割来去除cut out a dress裁剪衣服裁剪衣服cut out a picture of the newspaper4.)cut in插嘴插嘴;超车抢挡；（突然）插入超车抢挡；（突然）插入Dont cut in while Im talking.我说话时别插嘴。我说话时别插嘴。cut in on a queue加塞儿加塞儿*hair cut理发理发 power cut停电停电 14.prove的基本含义及用法：的基本含义及用法：（及物动词）（及物动词）1.)证明：
31、通过提示论据或证据来确立真实证明：通过提示论据或证据来确立真实性或有效性性或有效性He has proved his courage in battle.他已在战斗中证明白自己的志气。他已在战斗中证明白自己的志气。Facts have proved that the creative power of the people knows no limits.事实证明人民的创建力是无穷的。事实证明人民的创建力是无穷的。The little boy has proved his cleverness in the television quiz.这个小男孩在这次电视学问测验中证明白他的聪慧。这个小男
32、孩在这次电视学问测验中证明白他的聪慧。2.)试验；试验；prove a new weapon试验新武器试验新武器B.(系动词系动词):显示出显示出，证明是，证明是：显示出是如此的；结：显示出是如此的；结果是：果是：a theory that proved impractical in practice.一个被证明在实践中不好用的理论一个被证明在实践中不好用的理论The method/drug proved(to be)highly effective.这个方法这个方法/这种药证明是特别有效的。这种药证明是特别有效的。My advice proved to be wrong.我的看法证明是错的。
33、我的看法证明是错的。重要句式重要句式:1.)sb/sth prove sth 2.)sb/sth prove that S+P近义近义:sb/sth confirm sth进一步证明；确定；支持进一步证明；确定；支持 sb/sth confirm that S+P Please confirm your telephone message bywriting to me.请给我来封信，好进一步证明你在电话中传达的消息。请给我来封信，好进一步证明你在电话中传达的消息。My employer will confirm that I was there ontime.“我的雇主将会证明我的雇主将会证
34、明,我是准时到达的。我是准时到达的。*3.)sb/sth prove(to be)+adj/n =sb/sth turn _(to be)+adj/n*名词词形名词词形:proof 近义词近义词:_*proof耐耐的，防的，防的：完全地或成功地抵制的；不能的：完全地或成功地抵制的；不能穿透的。常用于合成词中：穿透的。常用于合成词中：waterproof watches;a fireproof cellar door.out evidence防水表防水表防火地窖防火地窖16.stick的一词多义的一词多义:A.动词动词:1.)（与（与in,into,on连用）连用）粘住；贴住粘住；贴住;（把尖（
35、把尖 物）插入，刺入，戳入物）插入，刺入，戳入I stuck a stamp on the letter.我把一张邮票贴在信上。我把一张邮票贴在信上。stick a hook on the wall.把一个钩子钉在墙上把一个钩子钉在墙上He stuck a flower in his buttonhole;把一朵花插在他的扣眼里；把一朵花插在他的扣眼里；stick a fork into a potato用叉子叉上马铃薯用叉子叉上马铃薯I stuck a needle into the cloth.我把一根针扎进布里。我把一根针扎进布里。2.)伸出或突出：伸出或突出：We saw hair s
36、ticking out on his head;我们望见他的头上伸出来的一绺头发；我们望见他的头上伸出来的一绺头发；an antenna sticking up on the roof.屋顶上伸出来的天线屋顶上伸出来的天线She stuck her head out of the window.她把头伸出窗外她把头伸出窗外重要词组重要词组:1.)sb/sth be stuck in sth =sb/sth be _ in sth:被难住被难住,卡住、塞住或阻住：陷入卡住、塞住或阻住：陷入/被困于被困于(险境险境,逆境逆境)We were stuck in traffic for an hour
37、.我们被卡在交通堵塞中达一个小时我们被卡在交通堵塞中达一个小时The police are trying to rescue the boy stuckin the elevator on account of a power failure.近义词组近义词组:sb/sth be _ in sth(险境险境,逆境逆境,灾难性天灾难性天气等气等)trapped caught2.)sb stick to sth坚持坚持(理论理论,观点观点,立场立场,原则原则;信守诺信守诺言等言等)stick to basic principles.坚持基本原则坚持基本原则19.act的一词多义的一词多义:1.)行
38、动，运作：行动，运作：We acted immediately.我们立刻行动。我们立刻行动。The governor has not yet acted on the bill.州长还没有依据法案行事州长还没有依据法案行事Think before you act!三思而后行！三思而后行！2.)起起作用；产生作用；产生效果效果Does the drug take long to act?这药要很久才能起作用吗？这药要很久才能起作用吗？3.)装作；以装作；以自居自居He is always acting the experienced man.他一向以阅历丰富者自居。他一向以阅历丰富者自居。He
39、acted as host to visitors.他以主子身份接待来客。他以主子身份接待来客。4.)扮演扮演,表演表演He acted his part well.他扮演的那个角色很成功。他扮演的那个角色很成功。A newly-devised microcomputer can act as a guide to a blind person.一种新设计的微型计算机能够充任盲人的向导。一种新设计的微型计算机能够充任盲人的向导。Dont act fool.别装傻。别装傻。Many children act in TV shows.有很多孩子在电视节目中进行表演。有很多孩子在电视节目中进行表演。
40、重要词组：重要词组：1.)sb act the part/role of sb2.)sb act as+职业职业/职位职位3.)sth act as+n=sth be _ as+nA coin can act as a screwdriver.硬币可充当螺丝起子硬币可充当螺丝起子4.)sb act out sthact out a story.连说带比划地讲将故事连说带比划地讲将故事20.admit的一词多义的一词多义:1.)许可进入，录用许可进入，录用(某人某人)入学入学This ticket admits two people to the football match.这张票可供两人入场
41、看足球赛。这张票可供两人入场看足球赛。usedCongratulate you on being admitted by Beijing University2.)允许某人加入允许某人加入组织组织,团体等团体等He was admitted to the bar association.他被接纳他被接纳/吸取到律师协会吸取到律师协会3.)承认；供认承认；供认(犯了错误或罪行犯了错误或罪行)He admitted his crime.他招认了罪行。他招认了罪行。He never admits that he is wrong.他从不承认自己错了。他从不承认自己错了。John has admitt
42、ed breaking the window.约翰已承认打碎了窗子。约翰已承认打碎了窗子。比较比较:recognize承认，认可：相识到或表现出接受承认，认可：相识到或表现出接受的合理性或真实性：的合理性或真实性：（与（与as,for连用）公认，承认连用）公认，承认recognize a new government 承认一个新政府承认一个新政府重要词组重要词组:1.)sbA admit sbB to/into+地点地点2.)sbA admit sbB into+团体团体/组织等组织等 =sbA _/_ sbB into sth3.)sb be admitted into sth absorb
43、 accept4.)sb admit sth/doing sth/that S+P.反义词组反义词组:sb _ sth/doing sth/that S+P对比词汇对比词汇:sb recognize sth/sb(as+n)26.go构成的词组构成的词组:1.)sb go over stha.视察；查看视察；查看=_ through sthWe went over the building.我们查看了这座大楼。我们查看了这座大楼。We must go over the accounts carefully before we settle them.在结账之前，我们必需细致查阅账目。在结账之前
44、，我们必需细致查阅账目。deny lookYou must go over the instructions of how it works before you use the micro-wave oven.在运用微波炉前要先看看它的运用说明。在运用微波炉前要先看看它的运用说明。b.)复习复习=sb _ sthGo over the lesson again.把功课再复习一遍。把功课再复习一遍。2.)A go with B a.同意同意(=go along with);伴随；陪伴伴随；陪伴Happiness doesnt always go with money.华蜜未必总是伴随金钱而来。
45、华蜜未必总是伴随金钱而来。reviewb.协作；调和协作；调和=A_BThis color does not go with that.这颜色和那颜色不调和。这颜色和那颜色不调和。3.)A go against B:违反违反,违反违反4.)sth(时间时间)消逝；经过消逝；经过=_as time goes by.随时间消逝随时间消逝5.)go fora.sb go for sth追求追求,想获得想获得,宠爱；被吸引宠爱；被吸引Sb go for a job 求职求职 match passShe doesnt go for men of this type.她不宠爱他这种类型的男人。她不宠爱他这
46、种类型的男人。b.sthA go for sthB 对对适用；适用；A的状况对的状况对B来说也一来说也一样样6.)sb go in for stha.参与（考试）；应试参与（考试）；应试His brother doesnt go in for sports.他弟弟没有他弟弟没有参与运动的习惯。参与运动的习惯。b.酷爱；嗜好酷爱；嗜好Young people should never simply go in for material comforts.年青人恒久也不应一味地追求物质年青人恒久也不应一味地追求物质享受。享受。7.)go all out(to do sth)全力以赴全力以赴重要的识
47、读词汇及词组重要的识读词汇及词组:1.)no more than+n =nothing/little more than+n =only/merely+n2.)at the thought of sth(某人某人)一想到一想到(就就)3.)sb/sth build up sb/ones body4.)in advance提前提前,事先事先,5.)A have a/an effect/influence on B6.)sb take advantage of sth(to do sth)7.)sb rule sth out；解除在外：不考虑；解除在外：不考虑；The snowstorm rule
48、d out their weekly meeting.暴风雪使他们一周一次的会议无法实行暴风雪使他们一周一次的会议无法实行The option of starting over has been ruled out.重新起先这种选择已被解除考虑重新起先这种选择已被解除考虑8.)sb let out sth:；泄露：发出；泄露：发出(声音声音)Who let that story out?是谁泄露了消息是谁泄露了消息?Hearing the news,she let out a cry of surprise.9.)sbA let off sbB:（与（与with连用）宽恕；赦免；从宽连用）宽恕；赦免；从宽处理处理