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1、英语平行结构和比较结构英语平行结构和比较结构Parallelism&Comparison连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担当句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。一、平行结构,即并列结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。并列结构的连接手段并列结构的连接手段）并列连词）标点符号）并列结构的插入语在最终一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。）并列结构的对称组合成对组合的方法使整个结构更加紧凑。常见的并列连词有：1、表递进关系：and,n
2、otonlybutalso,neithernor,notbut2.选择关系：or，eitheror,otherwise,whether.or3.转折对比关系:but,yet,whereas,while,still4.因果关系：so,for5.并列关系：and,when一、表示平行、递进关系的连词1.AandBAnd连接两个并列成分。and也常位于句首，使上下文联系更紧密。Thefabricislightandstrong.Ilikereadingandfishinginmysparetime.Thismodelofthecomputerispowerful,andthepriceiscompe
3、titive.Itwasaseverewinter.Andwehadnotenoughfoodforourselves.2.bothAandB这一结构是and的强化形式，连接的两个成分必需在结构上等同。不能连接句子。Thenewtaxpolicybenefitsbothworkersandfarmers.BothesheandIareinterestedinEnglishliterature.3.notonlybut(also)不仅而且notonlybutaswell不仅而且也aswellas和andaswell和*notonlybut(also)结构侧重在后者，而结构侧重在后者，而aswel
4、las侧重在前者。侧重在前者。NotonlyGeorgebutalsohiswifedidalotforus.Itissaidthathecanflyaplaneaswellasdriveacar.Shecanplaypopmusicandclassicalmusicaswell.二、表示选择关系的连词二、表示选择关系的连词1.neitherAnorB这一结构表示否定意义，若连接两个句子可以接受倒装形式。Einsteincaredforneithermoneynorfame.Youcanneithertakeitoutnorphotocopyit.*在否定结构中通常用or连接两个并列成分。Yo
5、ucannevertakeitoutorphotocopyit.2.or或者，大约，否则，不然 eitheror或者.或者，不是就是(eitheror结构是or的强化形式)Doyoustayathomealoneorgototheatrewithme?Youllhavetowaitoneortwodaysbeforeyouknowtheresult.Hurryup,orwellbelate.Haveonemoretry,oryouwontbesuccessful.Eitherhedidntspeakclearlyoryoudidnthearwell.三、表示转折和对比意义的并列连词三、表示转折
6、和对比意义的并列连词but（但是），yet（然而），while（而，却）等 Afterabusyday,Ifelttiredbuthappy.Difficultieswillariseinthecourseofreforming，butwewillcertainlyovercomethem.Hewasnotfeelingwell,yethekeptonuntilitwasdone.Chinaisrichinnaturalresources,whileJapanispoor.四、表示因果关系的并列连词四、表示因果关系的并列连词so（因此，所以），for（因为）Manydirectorswerea
7、bsent,sothemeetinghadtobepostponed.Hemusthavedonesomethingwrong,fortheheadteachercalledhimtotheoffice.*so不能与because同时出现在同一句中。For从句主要是对前面的句子作出说明或进行推断，因此for引导的句子不能用于句首。1.Tomistall_hisbrotherisshort.2.Shegotupearly,_shefailedtobethereontime.3.Itisnotwrongofpeopletopursuewealth;_,theyshouldalsotrytolear
8、ntofulfilltheirknowledge.4.Someonemustbecoming,_thedogisbarking.5.Thatwasourfirstlesson,_shedidntknowallournames.whilebutyetforso1.OnedayJohnwaslate,_hismissedthefirstclass.2.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,_hespokemoreeasily.3.Thechildrencangowithus,_theycanstayathome.4.Youmusttellthetruth,_youwillb
9、epunished.5.Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,_youcanasksomeoneelsetohelpyou.6.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?-Imsorry,_therearentanyseatsnow.andbutalsoorororbutPairedconjunctionsDirections:Addisoraretoeachsentence1.Boththeteacherandthestudent_here.2.Neithertheteachernorthestudent_here.3.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothe
10、students_here.areisareErrorAnalysis:PairedConjunctions1.EitherJohnwillcallMaryorBob.1.JohnwillcalleitherMaryorBob.2.NotonlySuesawthemousebutalsothecat.2.Suesawnotonlythemousebutalsothecat.3.Ienjoynotonlyreadingnovelsbutalsomagazines.3.Ienjoyreadingnotonlynovelsbutalsomagazines.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bo
11、thaircontainsoxygenandwater.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothairandwatercontainoxygen.并列结构的标点符号并列结构的标点符号由两个以上项目构成的并列结构通常只在最终一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间用逗号连接。There are five types of discharge from military service:honorable,general,undesirable,bad conduct,and dishonorable.两个以上项目全用连词连接起来的并列结构，在修辞色调上给人以悠然缓慢、持续长久的感觉。Rais
12、ing vegetables presents endless opportunities for weeding and thinning and hoeing and watering.有时也可全用逗号，在修辞色调上给人以惊惶、急促、明快、利落的感觉。除了逗号，分号和冒号也能起并列连词的作用。分号连接两个并列分句，通常表示对比关系。Golf demands the best of time and space;tennis,the best of personal energy.用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的说明和发挥。Hijackers and kidnappers of
13、fer two equally impossible alternatives:a refusal to meet their terms may mean death for their victims;meeting their terms may mean more victims in the future.在某些连接性副词如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分号，而不用逗号。Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;he
14、ncehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.FromarunningstartPedrolaunchedhisbodyintoavigorousracingdrive;however,hewasaboutthirtyfeetfromthepoolatthetime.二、对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称；功能相同（充当同样的句子成分），时态平衡。并列平行结构应当是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则：Do some nic
15、e things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking,doing the dishes,washing clothes,or clean the floors.“做饭”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。三、平行结构主要类型1.名词和名词平行结构Thepatientssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。2.形容词和形容词平行结构Earlyt
16、obedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪慧。三、平行结构主要类型3.副词和副词平行结构Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.这项工作做得美丽，有水平。4.分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/过去分词与过去分词)Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语）Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.5.动名词doing平行结构Henrysworkisre
17、adingbooksandwritingbookreviews.亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。6.动词不定式平行结构Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.另一方面，40%的同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。and连接并列不定式其次个不定式往往省略to。7.介词短语平行结构1）Yoursemestergradeisbasednot
18、onlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.2）Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.8.谓语动词平行结构谓语形式时态要一样Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.9.句子的并列（并列句）Iwastired,butIfelthappy.ErrorAnalysis:ParallelStructure1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,lives,andit
19、costsusless.1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,livesandmoney.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warm,andlove.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warmth,andlove.3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantingcrops.3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantcrops.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,
20、shebecameveryangryandshoutatme.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutedatme.5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandtoworkonmystampcollection.5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandworkingonmystampcollection.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andtheyhavearefinedsenseofsmell,
21、wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andrefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.7.Allplantsneedlight,tohaveasuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.7.Allplantsneedlight,asuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoi
22、l.英语比较句型英语比较句型原级的句型“as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构，表示前后两者的状况一样1）“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+Beg.Billisasfunnyashisfather.Myhandwritingisasbeautifulasyours.我的书法和你的一样好。2）“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”eg.LucyspeaksChineseaswellasLily.在否定句中，用“notas/so+原级形容词as”结构，表示前者不如后者。“A+系动词+notasso+形容词原级+as+B”eg.Thesebooksarentasinterestingastho
23、se.Iamnotas/sobusyasIusedtobe.我没有过去那么忙了。区分：TomisnotastallasMike.TomisnotsotallasMike.“A+助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词+asso+副词原级+as+B”eg.Shedidntsingsowellthatnightassheusuallydoes.thesame()as与与相同相同/同同样样YouvemadethesamemistakeasTom.有有时时thesame可以可以单单独运用：独运用：Mymotherismuchyoungerthanyours.Sheisnt!Theyreaboutthesame
24、age.Thosetwodressarethesame.differentfrom与与不同（不同（different前面可加前面可加very，much，alittle等修等修饰语饰语）IsFrenchfoodverydifferentfromItalianfood?Wereplanningsomethingdifferentthisyearfromwhatwedidlastyear.常用词组1.asgoodas几乎已几乎已经经，事，事实实上等于，和上等于，和几乎一几乎一样样2.Heisasgoodasdead.3.他跟死了一他跟死了一样样。4.Thesecondhandgeographyboo
25、kisasgoodasnew.5.这这本二手地理本二手地理书书几乎几乎还还是新的。是新的。6.2.assoonas一一就就7.PleaseletusknowassoonasyouarriveinBeijing.8.一到北京，一到北京，请请通知我通知我们们一声。一声。9.Assoonasshegothome,shebegancooking.10.她一到家就起先做她一到家就起先做饭饭。3.asmuch/manyas多达，达到之多，事实上等于，差不多Someofthestonesevenweighasmuchasfifteentons.有些石块甚至重达15吨。Thenumberofpeoplewho
26、losthomesreachesasmanyas250,000.失去家园的人数多达25万。Thatsasmuchastosayhewasathief.那无异于说他曾是个小偷。4.asfaras就而言，尽AsfarasIknow,hellbeawayforthreemonths.就我所知，他将离开三个月。Wewillhelpyouasfaraswecan.我们会尽力帮助你。5.aslongas只要只要Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark.你去哪儿都可以，只要你在天黑前返回。你去哪儿都可以，只要你在天黑前返回。Youwillbehappy
27、aslongasIamliving.只要我活着，你就会只要我活着，你就会华华蜜。蜜。6.asoftenas每当，每次每当，每次Asoftenashecame,hewouldstaywithusforatime.每次他来，每次他来，总总要和我要和我们们呆上一呆上一阵阵子。子。TheboyalwayssayshellotomeasoftenasImeethim.每次我遇每次我遇见见那个小男孩，他那个小男孩，他总总是向我是向我问问好。好。7.aswellas和，同，既和，同，既又又，不，不仅仅而且而且Myparentsaswellasmyelderbrotherenjoymusic.我父母我父母亲亲
28、和我哥哥都和我哥哥都宠爱宠爱音音乐乐。Heiscleveraswellashardworking.他不他不仅仅努力工作而且努力工作而且聪聪慧。慧。8.asaspossible/onecan尽可能，尽（某人）所尽可能，尽（某人）所能能Pleasesweepthefloorascleanaspossible.请请把地打把地打扫扫得尽可能干得尽可能干净净。IllgetbackassoonasIcan.比较级比较级+than（比比更更）Thisbridgeislongerthanthatone.Ourschoolislargerthantheirs.比较级比较级 +andand+比较级比较级（越来越越
29、来越）Inspring,thedaysaregettinglongerandlongerTheflowersaremoreandmorebeautiful.The+比较级比较级，the+比较级比较级（越（越就越就越）1）Thesooner，thebetter.2）Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe.Which is+Which is+比较级，比较级，A or B?A or B?（A A和和B B，哪一个比较，哪一个比较？）？）Whichislonger,thisoneorthat?the+最高级最高级 +（名词）（名词）+in/of/among在（范围内）最1）T
30、omisthetallestinhisclass.2）Thisappleisthebiggestofthefive.one of theone of the+形容词最高级形容词最高级+复数名词复数名词表示“是中最之一”。Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.Which is+Which is+thethe+最高级最高级+?+?在在（范围内）哪一个最（范围内）哪一个最？Whichisthebiggestofthefiveballs运用比较级表达最高级的概念运用比较级表达最高级的概念“比较级比较级+thananyother+名词单数名词单数”，
31、“比较级比较级+thantheother+名词复数名词复数”或“比较级比较级+thantherestof+the+名词复数名词复数”都可表示最高级意义。Juliaistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Juliaistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Juliaistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.以上三句表达的意思等同于最高级的含义：Juliaisthetallestofthegirlsinherclass.朱丽叶是她们班上最高的女生。比较级和最高级的修饰语比较级和最高级的修饰语比较级的修
32、饰语Much（得多），far（得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，abit（有点），alittle（有点），alot（很），agreatdeal(大大地),twice(两倍),fivetimes(五倍),two-fifths(五分之二),ahalf(一半)等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不行用very修饰。eg.TomisalittletallerthanMike.Tom比Mike稍高一点；Itisevencoldertodaythanyesterday.今日甚至比昨天更冷比较结构的同义转换比较结构的同义转换有时，不同的比较结构可以表示相同的意思，因此，它们可以相互转换。1.notas/
33、soas与lessthan的转换Theplacewasnotas/socrowdedasitusuallyisyesterday.Theplacewaslesscrowdedthanitusuallyisyesterday.昨天，这个地方不像平常那样挤满了人。2.morethan与lessthan,notas/soas的转换Yourpictureismorebeautifulthanhis.Hispictureislessbeautifulthanyours.Hispictureisntas/sobeautifulasyours.你的画比他的好看。3.最高级与morethan,nomoreth
34、an的转换Mathisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathismoredifficultthananyothersubject.Nosubjectismoredifficultthanmath.数学是全部学科中最难的。Exercises用括号中形容词或副词的适当形式填空用括号中形容词或副词的适当形式填空1 1）This park is muchThis park is muchthan that one.than that one.(beautiful)(beautiful)2 2）Im aIm aboy in the sun.(happy)boy in the
35、sun.(happy)3 3）Which book isWhich book is,yours or mine?(thick),yours or mine?(thick)4 4）My mother drives asMy mother drives asas my father.(good)as my father.(good)5 5）Who isWho isthan I,he or she?(old)than I,he or she?(old)6)He becomes6)He becomesandand(越来越胖越来越胖)7)The7)Thehe is,thehe is,thehe feel
36、she feels他越忙就越兴他越忙就越兴奋。奋。8)This garden is8)This garden isasasas that oneas that one(三倍三倍大大)morebeautifulhappythickerwelloldestfatterfatterbusierhappierthreetimesbig用所给的词组翻译句子1.一旦关系有所改善，他们就可以获准离开。(as soon as)As soon as relations improve they will be allowed to go.2.据我所知，它仅仅维持了两三年。(as far as)It only l
37、asted a couple of years,as far as I know.3.只要你离他们远一点,你就会平安.(as long as)As long as you can keep away from them,youre safe.4.选花不仅要观其形还要闻其香。(as well as)Flowers are chosen for their scent as well as their look.不变更意思，改写下列句型不变更意思，改写下列句型1)Lin Tao is the tallest boy in his class.1)Lin Tao is the tallest boy
38、 in his class.Lin Tao isLin Tao isany otherany otherin his class.in his class.2 2）Science is not so interesting as music.Science is not so interesting as music.Science is Science isthan music.Music isthan music.Music isthan science.than science.3)This box is 12 kg.That box is 14 kg.3)This box is 12
39、kg.That box is 14 kg.The two boxes are _ weight.The two boxes are _ weight.4 4）Mary is 6 years old.Lily is 12 years Mary is 6 years old.Lily is 12 years old.old.Lilys age is _ Marys.Lilys age is _ Marys.(asas)(asas)Mary is _ than Lily.Mary is _ than Lily.tallerthanboylessinterestingmoreinterestingth
40、esamethesametwiceasoldasyounger选择选择填空填空（）1.Thisbookisthatone.A.notsointerestingB.moreinterestingthanC.asmoreinterestingasD.interestingthan（）2.IthinkmathsisnotEnglish.A.easierB.lesseasyC.easyD.soeasyas（）3.Heisoneofinourcountry.A.themostpopularsingerB.themostpopularsingersC.themorepopularsingersD.most
41、popularsingers（）4.Whichdoyouprefer,vegetablesorfruit?Ipreferfruitvegetables.A.toB.thanC.ofD.and（）5.TheweatherinBeijingisasinShanghaitoday.A.wetterthantheweatherB.wetastheweatherC.wetthanthatD.wetasthatBDBAD6.NoonerunsasfastasJohninhisclass.Thesentencemeans_.A.Johnrunsfastestinhisclass.B.Johnrunsfast
42、erthananyotherboyinhisclass.C.Johnrunsmoreslowlythananyotherstudentinhisclass.D.Johnrunsasfastasothersinhisclass.7.NewYorkis_intheUnitedStates.A.largerthananycityB.largerthananyothercityC.biggerthananycitiesD.biggestofallthecities8.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose_expensiveone.A.lessB.theleastC.thel
43、essD.themost9.Howwastheweatheryesterday?-Itwasterrible.Itrained_.Peoplecould_goout.A.hardly;hardlyB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardD.hard;hardly10.Thischairisnot_forhimto_.A.strongenough;sitB.enoughstrong;sitC.enoughstrong;sitinD.strongenough;sitonABCDDTranslate the following sentencesTranslate the following
44、 sentences.你工作越努力你工作越努力,你就会得到越好结果。你就会得到越好结果。你英语听得越多你英语听得越多,英语就会越简洁。英语就会越简洁。你越爬得高你越爬得高,就看得越远。就看得越远。你越吃得多你越吃得多,就会越胖。就会越胖。The harder you work,the better result you will get.The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.The higher you climb,the farther you will see.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe.