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1、口腔护生理学术语 Calcium-binding proteins - proteins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind onto calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the enamel surface. Calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the neck of the tooth. When it is above the free gingival margin (supra-
2、gingival) it is white and chalky. When it is below (sub-gingival) it is dark and hard. Candidiasis - an infection caused by Candida albicans, a normal commensal of the mouth; also called thrush; Capsule - a fibrous casing surrounding an organ or gland; also a coating for some bacteria which protects
3、 them, from the bodies immune system. It is only the variety of Pneumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pneumonia Caries - the demineralisation, and breakdown of tooth structure by plaque acids. Cariogenic - likely to cause caries. Sugar is cariogenic
4、because it supports the growth of plaque Carious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries . Carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue. CEJ - see cemento-enamel junction. Cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane where cells attach to neighbouring cells. There ar
5、e three main types. 1. adhering junctions, which anchor cells to each other to resist separation. They m Template - an outline form which can be used to make many identical copies without being used itself. Metal templates can be used placed over a piece of clothing material, which is then cut accor
6、ding to the shape of the template. Many pieces can be made from the same template, and they will all be the right shape for that part of the garment. Molecular templates can guide the formation of crystals by providing a shape which is characteristic of, for example anapatite crystal. The role of te
7、mplates in crystal formation is calledepitaxy. Temporomandibular joint - the joint between the condyle of the mandible and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. The joint is divided into an upper and lower compartment by a fibrous disc and surrounded by a capsule. Tenascin - an adhesive molecule o
8、f connective tissue related to fibronectin andlaminin. Thalamus - the major co-ordinating centre or sensory information in the brain. Threshold - the minimum level of a signal(sound. pressure, pain) which is detectable. Thrombin - the final chain in the series of blood clotting forms fibrin from fib
9、rinogen. Thrombin is formed from prothrombin by a prothrombin activator, itself the end of a series of reactions. This cascade of events may begin two ways. One, is the release of tissue factors from damaged vessels. The other, is the activation of factors in blood platelets which are altered by com
10、ing into contact with collagen or an artificial surface. Thromboxanes - concerned with platelet clotting and a member of the eicosanoid family of hormones. ical - in a local area. e.g application of medication to the affected part only. Trabecula-bone -a description of the radiographic appearance of
11、 spongy bone. Radiographs provide an unusual opportunity to see condensations within spongy bone. These condensations form lines, or beams with are orientated so as to give the best support to loads tending to crush or fracture the bone.( the Latin word for a wooden beam was trabes, a small beam was
12、 a trabecula) Transcription- a process which leads to the copying of a genes code, from a section of DNA, onto a strand of messenger RNA and which eventually leads to the synthesis of the peptide or protein which that gene codes for. Transforming growth factor- TGF a superfamily of cytokines secrete
13、d by a variety of cells (monocytes, T cells, platelets, fibroblasts). The family include bone morphogenic proteins, which stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and inhibit T cell proliferation. Tropocollagen - the precursor to the collagen molecule secreted by the cell. The removal of ter
14、minal peptides on the tropocollagen allows each molecule to join end to end with another to make a collagen fibril. Tubule - a small tube leading into a duct,or as in dentinal tubules. Turnover - the replacement of cells by mitosis which keeps pace with cell loss, as in epithelia and blood cells. Al
15、so refers to the continual replacement of connective tissues like bone and fibrous tissue.ay form a belt of adhesions between cells (as between muscle cells) or spot attachments like desmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2. tight junctions have no space between the membranes and allow no
16、leakage between cells. They are found between cells of a secreting glands and between endothelial cells of blood vessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctions are channels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars and amino acids, between cells. Cemento-enamel junction- the
17、junction between the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum covering its root. Often referred to as the CEJ. Cementoblasts - cells of mesenchyme origin, induced by proteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form a layer of cementum around the roots of teeth. Cementum - a thin laye
18、r of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extrinsic and intrinsic fibres. Central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. The nerves which leave the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system. Chemotaxis - the movement
19、 of cells in response to chemical messengers. The movement of neutrophils and macrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by signals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products. The term applies to the movement of any organism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable n
20、utrient. Cholinergice - cell receptors specific for the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. Cholinergic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibres and at all the synaptic junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. They are also found at the pre- ganglionic synapse of the symp
21、athetic nervous system. Chondroitin sulphate - the major glycosaminoglycan of cartilage , the other being keratan sulphate. Chromosomes - structures in the nucleus of a cell which appear visible during cell division. Each chromosome (humans have 24) is a tightly coiled string of DNA wound round a pr
22、otein. Clearance - the removal by swallowing, of substance in the mouth. Clearance is dependent on the completeness of swallowing and the rate of flow of saliva. Clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all identical to a single parent. They are produced by asexual reproduction. When a B
23、lymphocytes has recognised a foreign antigen, it provides millions of identical daughter cells in order to produce the specific antibodies in large quantities. Clotting - see blood clotting Code - the code of nucleotides is written in words of three letters using analphabet of four letters. These fo
24、ur components of the code are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Collagen - the most common protein found in the body. It has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and the fibres of tendons and ligaments. Collagenase - an enzyme produced by fibroblast
25、s which breaks down collagen fibres. The fibroblast recycles the component amino acids, and secretes new collagen fibres. This process of remodelling occurs throughout life. Osteoclasts also secrete collagenases in order to remove bone matrix. Several bacteria are able to secrete collagenases and ar
26、e thus able to break down and penetrate through collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament. Colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up residence in a habitat . Competency - the ability of a cell to respond to messengers which could cause it to differentiate into a more specialised cell
27、. Some cells, like pericytes remain competent throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal development. Composite - a material made from two or more different types of material which contribute different prope
28、rties. For example bone is a combination of a resilient fibres of collagen in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite). Compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force. Condylar process - the vertical extension of the mandible which ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporoman
29、dibular joint. Connective tissue - one of the four main types of collections of cells (tissues) which consists of cells in a matrix of ground substance and fibres. Some connective tissues support structures like blood vessels and glands. Others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.
30、Contralateral - the opposite side as distinct from ipsilateral. Often used to refer to the teeth, joint or muscles on the opposite side from the chewing side. Coronoid process - the vertical extension of the mandible anterior to the condyle to which the temporal muscle attaches. Cortical-bone - the
31、outer layer of bone which is dense and made up of lamellae. Covalent bond - a strong bond between atoms formed by sharing outer electrons. When an atom has 8 outer electrons it is stable. Those which naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite unreactive. The carbon atom has 4 outer elect
32、rons and therefore needs 4 extra electrons to be stable. Four hydrogen atoms make a good partnership for carbon,(CH4, C2 H6 . etc) hence hydrocarbons,(saturated with hydrogen atoms) are quite stable, insoluble and unreactive. One oxygen atom (outer shell has 6 electrons) and two hydrogen atoms (H2O)
33、 also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarbon, family as the water molecule is a little unbalanced, providing hydrogen bonds and other unusual properties of biological importance, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a solution. Cusps - peaks or raised areas o
34、f a tooth which usually fit into a fossa on the opposing tooth. Cytokines -chemical messengers that allow neighbouring cells to communicate with each other. They are paracrine messages as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers. There are several main families of cytokines including growth f
35、actors , neurotransmitters, , lymphokines and many others. The method of communication involves detection of the chemical message, a ligand , by receptor proteins (for example an integrin on the cell membrane of the receiving cell. The result of the message is a shift in the level of gene expression
36、 or the expression of new genes and altered cell behaviour. Cytokines are complex as they sometimes inhibit and/or facilitate the actions of each other. Cylasm - the contents of the cell, not including thenucleus. Cytoskeleton - a system of fine filaments which cross the cell in all directions, help
37、ing toand keep or change its shape. There are three main types of filaments; in order of decreasing size they are, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Cytotoxins - products released by bacteria which are toxic to other living cells. Darwinian medicine - an approach to the treatm
38、ent of infective diseases which takes account of the co-evolution between the host and its parasite. Deciduous - from the Latin falling it applies both to trees which lose their leaves in winter and teeth which are lost to make way for the permanent set. Demineralisation - reduction in amount of min
39、eral in tissue. This reduction occurs when the crystals of apatite are dissolved, usually in an acid environment. Dental abscess- an abscess around the apex of a tooth due to spread of infection from the pulp . Dental papilla - the condensation of dental mesenchyme which provides the stem cells from
40、 which ondontoblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts will form the pulp-dentine, cementum and alveolar bone of the tooth socket. Dentary - one of several bone which together made up the lower jaw in early reptiles. During evolution the other bones, the articular and quadrate bones, became part of the
41、 inner ear, and the dentary became the single the mandible of mammals. Dentine - a hard material like bone which forms the root and inner core of the crown of teeth. Unlike bone, dentine has fine tubules which contain the elongated process of odontoblasts, the dentine forming cells. Dentine-pulp - a
42、 term used to describe the unity between dentine and pulp, and to view it as one integrated tissue. Depolarisation - all cells have a slight difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. This difference is called a membrane potential and is due to a greater
43、number of sodium ions (positively charged) outside the cell than inside. This imbalance is maintained by a membrane pump which pushes sodium ions out of the cell. Another pump also pushes potassium ions into the cell so there should be no difference in the balance of positive ions. But the potassium
44、 ions leak back out again, so there is always a potential difference across the membrane. Nerve cells have the ability to depolarise or reverse the membrane potential so that the inside is positive and outside negative. This reversal is short lived and is soon corrected, but it is long enough to inf
45、luence the adjacent parts of the membrane and to be carried, like a wave, all the way along a nerve axon to the next nerve where it reaches a synapse The reversal is caused by a sudden opening of cell membrane gates which allow a flood of sodium ions into the cell. This flood causes the inside to be
46、come positive, but the gates are soon shut and potassium gates opened, which allows potassium ions to flood out and restore the membrane potential. This can all happen several times in one second, but after a while there is no flood, and the sodium pump has to get to work to build up enough pressure
47、 for the depolarisation to work again. Dermatan sulphate - a glycosaminoglycan found in skin, tendon, blood vessel and heart valves. Desmosomes -one of the types of cell junctions by which cells join or communicate with each other. Desmosomes consist of a round plaque of protein, desmoplakin on the
48、cell membrane. Into the plaque are attached fine filamanents which are part of the cells cytoskeleton. So the plaque is attached to the skeleton of the cell. Where the filaments enter the plaque the are so dense as to be visible with a light microscope. They are then called tonofilaments. The plaque of one cell adheres to the plaque of another. This system of joining cells is designed to resist mechanical separation, so we see desmosomes joining epithelial cells which hold tightly to each other. If epithelium is processed for histology, some shrinkage occur