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1、传媒英语Unit4Contents: Keys to the exercises TranslationA Supplementary ReadingPart One Keys to the exercisesI. Understanding the textThe answer is open.1. Radio key traditional strength when compared to new media alternatives available today is its ability to be truly live. No recording, no streaming,
2、no delay. Instant real-time broadcasting that can lake place from nearly any place or location to report, chronicle or create live news and events. Here is the still much untapped potential of radio. Street reporting. Reality radio.2. Although the traditional radio has its unique traits and features
3、, it also has a lot of weak points, and some of these weak points are just the strong points of the new media. If radio refuses to open itself to the convergence with new media and the Internet, it will have no power to match all those new media. On the other hand, some unique characteristics of rad
4、io, once combined with the opportunities offered by the web and new media, can permit the creation of an altogether new form of radio.3. Embrace convergence is the answer. Focus on uniqueness and thematic content is the solution. Retain radio characterizing strengths while combining and enhancing th
5、em with the power of new media technologies is the strategy.4. They can take equivalently a similar programming slant. Music focus. News focus. Specific entertainment focuses are the roads to take.5. The live human voice. It is powerful, touching and engaging. Being able to listen to something that
6、is happening at this very second in another place is something that most humans get fascinated by.8. Media becomes a participatory medium. Nowadays, more and more traditional listeners, viewers or readers become active participants, contributors, stockholders or even marketers.11. TranslationA. Tran
7、slate the following paragraphs into Chinese.1.在率先使用播客的拥冤者与处于另一阵营的、富于进取精神的电台经理们的推动下，调 频电台己经出现了一些变化，而这些变化将是未来调频电台的要紧特点。尽管这种冲击的长 期影响我们现在还难以全面认清，可转变已经在发生了。2,正如电视一样，调频电台也有着自己独有的特点与特色，但它们与新媒介与因特网的融 合是不可避免的，除非传统广播工作者们主动投身于这种融合，否则，他们将注定走向一条 缓慢而痛苦的死亡之路。3 .为媒介使用者提供工具与节目空间，让他们亲自制作、剪辑与汇编他们自己的音频节目 是一个全新的重要策略，这反映
8、了在其它的媒介领域正在发生着的一场革命。4 .除非你对这些新技术带来的巨大机遇展开最大胆的想象，否则你将根本不清晰电台产业 的未来是什么样的。5 .但是现如今有多少电台都没能好好利用现场声音这个巨大的潜能，它们关于现场声音的 as claim, state or charge) when reporting allegations. Other verbs bring connotations that will color your reporting. For example, if your script has police claiming that an individual co
9、mmitted a crime, your listeners may well interpret the script as indicating that you the reporter do not believe the police, lb speak of someone charging an allegation implies legal actions charges - have been filed. To maintain as unbiased and accurate a report as possible, stay with the neutral ve
10、rb say.JaccuseLearn the distinction between accused and alleged. When legal charges have been filed against an individual, that individual becomes accused of the behavior detailed in those charges. The individual can then be described as an accused rapist, accused murderer,* accused embezzler, and s
11、o forth. In scripts, the use of the adjective accused should be limited to one occurrence at or near the beginning of the script in order to describe a suspect quickly and efficiently. Notice the use of (he word in this story about a homicide (rial: Accused murderer aaron burr has broken down in tea
12、rs at his trial, telling jurors that he did not kill his friend alex hamilton last july. Taking the stand in his own defense, burr cried yesterday as he was talking about his initial interrogation by sheriffs deputies. Burr said iniimidating questioning caused him to give conflicting stories to inve
13、stigators. Prosecutors have said that burr killed hamilton after an argument over money in hamiltons mohican springs apartment. Burr is expected to face cross - exam ination when the trial resumes at the hanover county courthouse later today.In the above script, the adjective accused appears once an
14、d only once. Multiple use may lead listeners to believe that you the reporter want (hem to think a suspect is guilty because the adjective accused is weaker than the powerful nouns it regularly accompanies (such as murderer or rapist).Charged upAs has already been mentioned, the verb charge implies
15、that legal actions have been filed against an individual or company. The verb should be used only to describe the process of filing the action: Police have charged 32-year-old lizzie burden with two counts of first-decree murder for the pick-axe slayings of her father and step-mother.The specific le
16、gal charge should also be named, such as the two counts of first-degree murder of the previous example. Pay careful attention lo the specific charge. Prosecutors may say that an individual is a murderer and organized-crime boss but charge him with only tax evasion. The defendant could then be descri
17、bed as being accused of tax evasion but not as an accused murderer and crime boss - the murders and organized-crime connections are allegations, not charges.Proper allegationsOccasions do exist for the use of allege,* alleged or allegedly. When claims are made concerning an individual but no legal c
18、harges have been publicly filed, and the source of the claims is complicated to identify, then alleged becomes an acceptable option for describing the individual and the claims. For example, a community group holds a press conference calling for the firing of the deputy chief of police. Earlier that
19、 week, three former civilian employees of the police department told a newspaper reporter that they have heard the deputy chief use racial slurs. The reporter was investigating a tip that the deputy chief had recently faced a closed-door, disciplinary hearing with the public safety director and the
20、civil service commission.The complex nature of the story can lead to extremely tortured syntax in your script. In this situation, a sentence such as.The together coalition is angry over racist comments allegedly made by deputy chief franklin pierce.might be the most efficient way of succinctly expla
21、ining (he story. As with accused, forms of alleged should be used only once in a given script.Finally, remember the mistake of Peter Jennings and ensure that you place the word alleged in front of what is actually being alleged. Rewriting the previous script example to read.The together coalition is
22、 angry over allegedly racist comments made by deputy chief franklin pierce.Significantly changes the meaning of the sentence. Now the question is not whether the deputy chief made comments, but rather whether the particular words he used were racist. If, however, it has not yet been determined what,
23、 if anything, the deputy chief may have said, the allegations concern (he making of (he comment and not (he sense of the comments themselves. The earlier version of the sentence is then the correct one.Finally, until a judicial authority has rendered a decision, a suspect or defendant has not been p
24、roved guilty of the charges or allegations against him. Not only is it unethical to describe this individual as, say, a murderer or embezzler, without the qualification of words like accused and alleged, but such descriptions could turn you into a defendant yourself for libel.4 Leads & TeasesGetting
25、 listeners to keep their radios tuned to your entire newscast.thats the function of leads and teases. (Incidentally, the first phrase of the previous sentence is itself a tease.) Despite the importance of leads and teases, many radio journalists do not understand how to fashion effective hooks to ke
26、ep listeners listening.Repetition is the most common mistakeRepetition is the most common mistake made in leads and teases. As you may have experienced when recognizing (he identity of the first six words of the subhead with those at the beginning of this paragraph, repetition of words or ideas is t
27、edious. Listeners understandably come to believe that there is far less news than meets the car.Yet repetition is a far-too-frequent feature of news writing, especially between the lead-in to tape (be it voiccr, wrap or actuality) and the first sentence on that tape. Heres one such example: Embattle
28、d state lotteiy director samantha wu handed in her resignation to governor frederick douglass. Reporter susan starr says wu told the governor that she had become a political distraction. IQ: In her resignation letter to the governor, wu said that she had become a distraction.The second sentence of t
29、he lead provides information that is immediately given again by the first sentence of the tape. This is not, however, the only problem with this lead.Keep it freshTenses of the past should be avoided in leads and teases. The preterite, or simple past tense, must almost never be used. Any past action
30、 should be described in the perfect tense have/has + past participle, which often ends in -ed. The stative quality of the perfect tense can make it seem like the present.Better still is the use of the present progressive tense am/are/is + present participle ending in -ing to describe an event that h
31、as just taken place. In the story above, it would have been better to write: Embattled state lottery director samantha wu is calling it quits. Reporter susan starr says wu fears the controversy surrounding her husbands business dealings is harming governor douglass. IQ: hi her resignation letter to
32、the governor, wu said that she had become a distraction.Present tenses give immediacy and energy to news writing, allowing listeners to feel that they are hearing about the news as it is taking place. Moreover, in the course of the day leads should be advanced to freshen the story.even though the sa
33、me tape is being used. In the example story given above, a later lead for the same tape could be as follows: Governor douglass must find a new lottery director. Repoiter susan starr says embattled current director samantha wu is giving up the job. IQ: In her resignation letter to the governor, wu sa
34、id that she had become a distraction.The changing lead shifts the emphasis of the story to a future event, the appointment of a new lottery director. The tape then functions as background information for this future event, and so the package of lead and tape together remain fresh.Absent antecedent a
35、lert!A frequent error in teases is the use of pronouns without any reference to identify the pronouns. The pronouns antecedents are absent. This error leads to teases such as: He wanted to die but they said no. The story next on 990 news.Who is he? Who are they? (The story concerns a convicted murde
36、rer who asked the jury to sentence him to death, but the jury decided instead on a sentence of life in prison without parole.)Some might claim that this lead has mystery, and this mystery will compel listeners to stay (uned. There certainly is mystery, but confusion seems the only result in the mind
37、s of listeners. A better tease gives listeners information, not a guessing game: Life without parole for child-killer wall thomas. The details next on 990 news.Teases should not tell the entire story, but teases are only a sentence long. Even the most information-packed short sentence can rarely giv
38、e all the necessary details to satisfy listeners. The tease whets the appetite of listeners, who will want the completeness of hearing the full script if they have an idea of what the story is about. Deliberately confusing or gimmicky teases only frustrate listeners and drive them away.5 Rewriting C
39、opyRadio reporters spend as much time rewriting scripts as writing (hem. Stories are rewritten from three types of sources: newspapers, press releases and other radio news scripts. The first two of these sources are not written in broadcast style, and radio reporters need to be aware of the differen
40、ces between print and broadcast.Differences in styleOne obvious difference involves numbers. In print style, numbers can be written ou( to exactitude, while on the radio numbers are reduced to two significant digits. Ages in the newspaper are written between commas after an individuals name; in broa
41、dcast style, ages are given as adjectival phrases preceding the name.Newspaper stories also display a greater use of the past tense. Print is a distancing medium, separating events through the filter of the written word from (he immediacy of their occurrence. Newspapers arc also written hours before
42、 they arc read, so the events described seem old news. Radio, on the other hand, has an intimate, you-are-there quality (hat is enhanced by the use of the present tense. Newsmakers spoke to newspaper reporters (Bush said.); they speak to a radio audience (Bush says.).The art of condensingThe greates
43、t difference involves story length and detail. Print reporters write hundreds, even thousands of words for a particular story. Few, if any, of your stories as a radio reporter should have even a hundred words. Rewriting newspaper stories becomes an art of condensing. Take the following example of a
44、newspaper story from the imaginary Middleville Times: The crumbling Salt Creek bridge on Old Route 9, considered one of Middle Countys most historically significant bridges, will receive a $200,000 grant for repairs from the state Department of Transportation, according to county engineer Squire Whi
45、pple. The funding comes from the states Transportation Enhancement Fund, Whipple said. Built of sandstone in 1834, the bridge is a 285-foot span made up of three arches overSalt Creek on the old route from Middle ville to Greenfield. Deterioration of the bridge in recent years has been a worry to lo
46、cal preservationists. The bridge was closed to traffic in 2002. The $200,000 infusion will cover the estimated cost to stabilize the bridge until money can be found to restore it. Permanent repairs could cost as much as $1,750,000, Whipple said.The example above is quite short by print standards, bu
47、t its far too long for radio. Remember, a radio story without an actuality (a reader) should generally run about 20 seconds. Get to the heart of your story and leave the additional details out, as in the following 21 -second rewrite: A crumbling historic bridge is getting some long-needed repairs to
48、 keep it from collapsing into salt creek. The middleville times reports the state will provide two hundred thousand dollars to preserve the old-route 9 bridge between middleville and greenfield until more money can be found for pennanent repairs. The 170-year-old stone bridge has been closed for thr
49、ee years.Unless you have spoken to individuals involved in the story yourself, you must attribute your rewritten story to its newspaper source. The attribution generally begins the second sentence of the script (the middleville limes reports.). Not only is it ethical to credit the news organization th