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1、英语语法 附属连词和并列连词的知识点归纳NO.1定义连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词, 短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词 和附属连词。N0.2区别附属连词附属连词分为两大类，即引导状语从句的附属连词和引导名词性 从句的附属连词。L引导状语从句的附属连词英语中大多数附属连词用来引导状语从句，并且引导的状语从句 位置比拟灵活，大多位于主句之前或之后皆可，位于主句之前时 通常用逗号隔开。从引导状语从句的连词的意义来看，可分为引 导时间、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件等名种从句的连词。(1)引导时间状语从句的附属连词r m sorry that you ca
2、n t come彳艮遗憾你不能来。（宾语从 句）My idea is that we should stick to our plan.我的意见是我们 应当坚持我们的计划。（表语从句）I want to know whether/if he will come back soon.我想知道 他是否能很快回来。（宾语从句）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.这 会给我们带来坏处还是好处尚需拭目以待。（主语从句）The question is whether the book is worth reading.问题是 这本书是
3、否值得一读。（表语从句）（2 ）由连接代词引导连接代词除了可以起连接作用外，还可以在从句中作主语、宾语、 定语等。连接代词主要有who , whom , whose , which , what, whatever, whoever, whomever 等。Do what he or she tells you to do.按照他/她所告诉你的去做。What is needed is a change in land ownership.需要估攵的事 就是改变土地的所有制。What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.他在会议
4、上的发言使入会者大吃一惊。Can you tell me who that gentleman is?你能告诉我那位先 生是谁么？They want to know what they can do to help us.他们想知道 怎样帮助我们。They eat whatever they can find.他们找至!H十么就吃彳十么?Whoever comes will be welcomed.无论谁来都会受至I欢迎。(3)由连接副词引导连接副词除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语。连接副词主要 有 when , where , how , why 等。I remember when thi
5、s used to be a quiet village.我记得那时 候这是一个安静的村庄。Would you please tell me how I can get to the airport?请 告诉我怎样去机场？I dont know where we are going to have this meeting.我不 知道我们到什么地方去开这次会议。Do you know why he was late?你知道他为什么迟到吗?五、特殊的附属连词状语从句需要一定的连词与主句连接构成主从复合句，英语中这 种附属连词是很丰富的。下面介绍几种较特殊的附属连词。L分词转化的连词:consid
6、ering （考虑到、鉴于）,given （考 虑到）,provided/providing （只要、如果）,seeing （既然、 考虑到），supposing（假如）。Considering he s only been learning English a year,he speaks it very well.鉴于他才学了一年英语，他的英语讲得算是 很不错的。Given that they are inexperienced,they7 ve done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，他们已经是干得很好的了。She never minds helping anyone who
7、 has nowhere to sleep, provided he s reasonable.彳王彳可找不至I住处的人，只 要他们为人正派，她就乐于帮助。Seeing he refused to help us,there7 s no reason why we should now help him.既然他不肯帮助我们，那我们现在也不 必非得去帮助他。Supposing white were black , you would be right假如白色 都能变成黑色，那你就是对的了。2、动词转化为连词:save that（只是）,suppose（假定）。I agree with you,s
8、ave that you have got one or two facts wrong.我同意你的意见，只是你有一两处地方弄错了。Supposing they did not believe him what would they do to him?如果他们不相信他的话，他们会把他怎样呢？3、副词转化为连词:directly （一就）,immediately （一就）, instantly （一就），now that （既然），once （一旦就）等。Directly the teacher came in,everyone was quiet.老师走 进来，大家就安静下来了。I left
9、,immediately the clock struck twelve.钟冈!J敲 12 点，我 就离开了。He set off, instantly he heard the news.他一听到这个消息就 出发了。Now （that） you have the chance,you had better make good use of it.既然有此机会，就该好好利用它一下。（如用过 去时态，那么一般用now that）Once you begin,you mustnz t stop.一旦开始，就不要停下来To 4、名词短语用作连词:any moment（无论何时），the day（当天
10、 就），each time（每次），every time（每当），the instant（就）, the minute （一就）,the moment （一就），next time （下 次），the way （正如的样子）。Come and see us any moment you can.什么时笑得空请来看看我们。He called on her the day he arrived.他到的当天就去看望了 她。Each time we call on him,he is reading.每次我们去看他，他 都在看书。She smiles every time she sees me.她见
11、到我时总是面带微笑。I told you the instant I heard the news我一听说那个消息马 上就通知了你。We will leave the minute you re ready.你准备好我们就走。The moment he spoke we recognized his voice.他冈！J一开口 我们就听出他的声音了。r m going to see him next time he comes here.下次他来时 我一定要会会他。They didn t do it the way we do now.他们当时的做法和我 们现在的做法不同。-Did you r
12、emember to give Mary the money you owed her?你记得还欠玛丽的钱了吗？-Yes.I gave it to her the moment I saw her.记着了。我一看见她就还给她了。5、the first time表示第一次的用法(1) the first time表示第一次，引导表语从句时，强调到 说话时为止某一情况或动作的次数，主句中系动词是is ,从句谓 语用现在完成时态；主句中系动词是was，从句谓语用过去完成 时态。This is the first time he has been late this term .这是他本学 期第一次迟
13、到。That was the first time I had gone to work .君B是我第一次上 班。-Do you know our town at all ?你了解这座城市吗？-No , this is the first time I have been here .不了解。这是 我第一次来。(2)the first time表示第一次时，引导时间状语从句， 从句中谓语用一般过去时态，侧重点不是要说第一次做了什么, 而是要表达另一情况或动作。The first time Mr Brown came to China he visited the GreatWall .布朗先生
14、第一次来中国时就游览了长城。The first time I saw him , he was reading a book .我第次 见到他时，他在看书。I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.我第 一次见她就认为她很好也很老实。(3)the first time表示第一次的情景，引导宾语从句， 从句谓语用一般过去时来表示。Do you remember the first time we met ?你还记得我们第一 次见面的情景吗？六、附属连词的多义性1、when(1)表示时间，意思是当的时候。The fire was
15、put out when they came.他们来到的时候，大火 已经被扑灭了。When I came home my wife was cooking dinner.我回家时, 妻子在做晚饭。(2 )表示条件,意思是如果，要是。When the weather is good , I usually go to the country.如 果天气好的话，我通常到乡下去。Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。(3 )表示原因，意思是既然。I cant tell you whe
16、n you wont listen.既然你不想听，我就 不告诉你了。How can he succeed when he wont work?既然他不肯工作， 那么他怎么会成功呢？Why do we take the flag down at night ,when wejust have to put it up again in the morning?既然我们早上还得把旗升 上去,那晚上又为什么要把它降下来呢？Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already?既然你有这么好的一份工作为什么你还想找新工 作？I
17、t was an exciting moment for these football fan this year,when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.这是球迷们本年度最兴奋的时刻，因为他们的球队 这些年以来第一次赢得世界杯。(4 )表示让步，意思是虽然，然而，可是。He walks when he might ride他虽然可以坐车，可是他还是步 行了。We have only three chairs when we need five.我们需要五把 椅子，可是我们只有三把。2、while(I )表示时
18、间，意思是当的时候，和同时。We waited while he dined.他吃饭时，我们等着。Please be quiet while I am talking to you.在我跟你说话的时 候，请安静。(2 )表示让步，意思是虽然,尽管。While I understand what you say , I can t agree with you. 虽然你说的我懂，可是我还是不能同意。While he is respected , he is not liked.他虽受人尊敬，但并不 被人喜爱。(3 )表示比照，意思是而，然而。She is very diligent z whil
19、e he is very lazy.她很勤奋,而他却 很懒。You like sports ,while Id rather read.你爱运动，而我爱看书。3、as(1)表示时间，意思是当的时候，随着。I met John as I was coming homeo我回家途中遇到约翰。As a young man , he joined the army.他在年轻时就参了军。(2 )表示原因，意思是由于，因为。As he was not well , I decided to go without him.因为他身 体不好，我决定单独去了。She stayed at home as she
20、had no car.她因没有汽车而留在 家里。此类连词主要有：when, while, after, before, as, as soon as, now(that), until, till, once, since,whenever, no soonerthan, hardly/barely/scarcely.when 等。When I got to the theatre, I found that they had sold all the tickets.当到达剧院时，我发现票已售完。We should strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。S
21、ince he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.进入大学以来，他在学业上已经取得了很大进步。They kept on working until it became dark.他们一直工作至|天黑。Once you begin , you must go on.你一旦开始，就必须继续 下去。You seem to have a ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question每逢我问你问题，你总好象有现成的答案。Now (that) you are
22、 here, youd better stay.你既然来了 ,那 就不要走了。(3 )表示比拟，意思是像一样。F m as tall as you (a re).我和你一样高。The work is not so easy as you imagine.这工作不像你想象的 那么简单。(4 )表示方式，意思是按照，如同。Do as I do.我怎么干，你就怎么干。I have told the story just as it happened.我已如实地讲了这 一情况。(5 )表示让步。意思是虽然，尽管。注意，as引导状语从 句表示让步时，一定要用倒装语序。Sick as he was , h
23、e came to work.他虽然有病，还是来上班了。Child as he is , he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，懂的却很多。Much as I like it, I will not buy it.虽然我很喜欢这个东西，但 不想买它。4、if(1)表示条件或假设，意思是如果，假如。We II stay at home if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，我 们就呆在家里。If I were you , I wouldn7 t go.假如我是你，我就不去。(2 )表示让步，意思是虽然,即使。I will go if I die for it.即使是死我
24、也要去。If I am wrong ,you come wrong,too.即使我错了，你也是错。(3 )表示时间，意思是无论何时,当，相当于whenever0If I don t understand what he says,I always ask him.我不懂 他说的话时，我总问他。If winter comes , can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天 还会远吗？(4 )表示原因，意思是既然。If you don t like the job , why dont you change it?既然你 不喜欢这个工作，为什么不换换呢？(5)用来引出一个表达
25、愿望的感叹句，表达一个愿望If they had only come earlier!如果他们早来一步该多好啊!If I havent lost my watch!我的表要是不丢该多好!If I only knew!要是我知道该多好。5、as long as,so long as(1)表示时间，意思是达之久。You can keep the book as long as you like0 这本书你爱看多 久就看多久。During the holidays , I like to stay in the countryside as long as I can.假日里，我喜欢呆在乡下，能果多
26、久就呆多久。(2 )表示条件，意思是只要。例如：As long as you tell the truth , F II try to help you.只要你告 诉我实情，我会尽力帮助你。You may take this book away so long as you return it on time.只要你按时归还,就可以把这本书拿走。(3 )表示原因，意思是既然，由于，因为。So long as the weather is changeable these days,we d better get in wheat in time.由于这几天气候变化无常，我们最 好及时把麦收割完
27、。So long as you are going to town,you can do something for me.既然你明天要进城，你就帮我办点事。6、since(1)表示时间，意思是自从以来。I haven t heard from him since he left.自从他离开后,我就 没有得到他的消息。It is ten years since he joined the army.他参军已经有十年了。(2 )表示原因，意思是既然。Since this method doesn7 t work , lets try another.既然这 种方法不行，我们就试用另一种吧。Sin
28、ce you ask, I will tell you.你既然问,我就告诉你。7、so that(1)表示目的，意思是以便,为了。They started off early so that they could get there in time. 他们早早动身以便及时到达那里。The student worked hard so that he might learn more.这个 学生努力学习，以便学到更多的知识。(2)表示结果，意思是因此，结果是。I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.我很早 就去听课，结果占到了一
29、个好座位。He spoke clearly , so that everyone heard.他说话:青楚,因止匕 每个人都能听见。并列连词并列连词可表示多种意义，但主要有四种，即表示并列、转折、选择、因果等。注意并列连词在句子中位置比拟定，定位于所连接的语言单位之间,两个并列连词不能并用，而可以与附属连 词并用。1、表示并列关系的并列连词(1)并列连词and的用法可以连接两个的词，多用于肯定句中。Go and fetch something to eat.(连接两个动词如 go, come 等表示目的)去取些吃的东西来。He started to shout and sing.他开始大叫并唱
30、歌。Read it slowly and dearly慢慢念，念清楚。The balloon flew higher and high er.气球越飞越高。You can meet teachers and students.你会见至！许多老师和学 生。Proper diet and exercise are important to health.适当的饮 食和锻炼对健康很重要。连接两个句子，表示因果、比照、条件、假设、目的等。They didnt catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night.他们没赶上汽车，只好在旅馆过夜。
31、（因果）Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports.玛丽喜欢音乐， 莉莉爱好体育运动。（比照）Work hard and you will succeed.（条件,前面局部常为祈使 句）如果你努力工作，就会成功。One more week and wez II accomplish the task.再一星期， 我们就完成任务。（条件）（2 ）并列连词 both.and, not only.but also, as well as 的用 法both.and意为：不但而且;既又，是并列连词， 可以并列主语、宾语、表语、状语、谓语等成分。并列主语时谓 语
32、动词用复数形式。Both New York and London have traffic problems.纽约和 伦敦都存在交通问题。The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish.这位秘书不但 能讲而且能写西班牙语。Both teaching and research work are making great strides. 教学与科研都在大踏步前进。The delegates visited both New York and Boston.代表们既 访问了纽约，又访问了波士顿。She both plays the piano and si
33、ngs.她既会弹钢琴又会唱歌。Both she and the headmaster were pleased with the boy.她和校长都喜欢这个男孩。The situation both at home and abroad is in our favor.国内 外形势对我们都很有利。not only.but also意为：不但而且，是并列连词，可 以连接两个词，也可连接两个句子。注：also可省略。a.连接两个成分not only.but also可以连接句中所有的成分连接并列主语时, 其谓语动词根据就近原那么，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。Not only the student
34、s but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生们津津有味地看着这部电影，而且他们的老 师也是如此。He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但会讲 法而且会讲英语。He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影片，而且记得影片的内容。b.并列两个句子not only.but also可以连接两个句子，not only位于句首时, not only后的句子要倒装。Not onl
35、y is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位 科学家而且还是名战士。Not only was everything he had taken away, but his citizenship不仅他的一切被拿走，而且他的国籍也被取消。as well as其连词作用,表示同、和、也等。The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime.编辑和校对者都在加班工作。I have read his novels as well as his pl ays.我读过他的小说和 剧
36、本。when并列连词，意为就在那时I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我冈!想走, 突然 铃响了。We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.我们在 户外一直玩到太阳下山，那时天下起雨来了。2、表示转折关系的并列连词这类连词连接两个含义不同的甚至是反义的词、短语或分句。常 见的还有yet（然而），while（而），however（可是）等。其中while 与but的区别在于:while表示比照而but表示意义正好相反。Learning the guitar isnt diffic
37、ult ,but you have to practice. 学弹吉它并不难，但你得练习。The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run.改造城市需要花费很多的钱, 但从长远来看还是省钱。Excuse me for breaking in, but I have some news for you. 请原谅我冒然闯入，但我有消息告诉你。In some Asian countries , nodding the head means not Yes but No
38、.有些亚洲国家，点头并不表示是而是 表示不。He was in deep trouble , yet he didnt lose heart.他深陷困 境，然而他没有丧失信心。Rick was very successful. However, the last few years of his life were not happy ones.瑞克非常成功，然而他的晚年并不幸 福。You like sports, while Id rather read.你喜欢体育而我却喜欢 读书。They were surprised that a child should work out the pr
39、oblem,while they themselves couldnt他们很吃惊一个孩 子能把这个题解出来而他们却不能。She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact I was talking about my daughter.她认为我是在谈论她的女 儿，而事实上我在谈论我女儿。No sooner had they got to the field than it began to rain. 他们刚到田里就开始下雨了。Hardly had he set foot on his native land when he
40、felt comfortab I e .他一踏上祖国的土地就感到心情舒畅。注意：no sooner, hardly等位于句首时需用倒装语序。every time, each time, next time, the last time, the moment等，引导句子其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。She felt a thrill the moment she got into the theatre.也进 剧场就感到一种激动。Every time he got to Beijing, he came to see me.每次他来匕 京，他都来看我。(2)引导原因状语从句的附属连词此类连词主
41、要有 because, as, since, now(that),等。because 引导的从句表示产生某种结果的必然的因果关系，语气较重，可 回答why问句；since语气较轻，常位于句首；as那么语气最轻。We couldnt cross the river because the water had risen.水 已经上涨了，所以我们没能过河。注意：not.but在连接主语时，谓语动词要按就近原那么，与靠 近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not the manager but the workers are hoping to do that. 不是经理而是工人们希望那么做。Not yo
42、u but I am a teacher.不是你而是我是老师。3、表示选择关系的并列连词此类并列连词主要有 or, or else, either.or, otherwise , neither.nor, not nor 等。(Dor的用法可以连接两个的词，多用于否认或者疑问句中。主语的人称、 数不一致时，动词随着接近的主语而变化。John or you are in Class Two.约翰或者你在二班。He never smokes or drinks他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。Will you have tea or coffee?你喝茶还是喝咖啡?Are you leavening for
43、Beijing by train or by plane?彳尔是坐火 车还是坐飞机去北京？She will be back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天回来, 就是明天回来。连接两个句子，常和else连用。Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right a way?你愿意先喝咖啡还是我们谈正事。Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold,穿上你的大衣, 不然你会着凉。He must pay the debt or else g
44、o to prison.他必须还债，否贝！ 就得去坐牢。”Hurry up, or/or else well be late for the meeting.赶快，否 那么我们开会要迟到的。注意:or, or else, otherwise三者相比,or else语气较or强, 而otherwise语气那么最强。Make haste, or (else) youll be late.快点，要不然就来不及了。Lets begin, otherwise, we will fall behind.我们这就开始吧, 不然会落后的。I would like you to change this blou
45、se, or else give me my money back.我想要你换掉这件衬衣，要不把钱退给我。or和and与否认词连用之谜先做下面三道题:用or或and填空，要求构成完全否认。I.Tom Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speakJapanese clearly correctly,either.汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语，日语也讲得不清楚，不正确。2 .The clock has no eyes ears.And it has no mouthno legs,either.时钟没有眼晴和耳朵，也没有嘴和腿。3 .Man can t live
46、 without air water.That s to say,manw川die without air water.没有空气和水，人就不生活,也就是说，没有空气和水，人就会死。说明:在否认句中，并列成分的列举通常用。r连接构成完全否认, 用and连接构成局部否认。但在中学英语课本中，否认词与and 连用，有以下几种情况，仍构成完全否认：1 .列举成分是主语，又在否认词之前，用and连接，而在否认词 之后的列举成分用or构成完全否认，所以句1的答案是and , oro.列举成分之前都有否认词时，用and连接，否那么用or连接, 也都构成完全否认，所以句2的答案是or, ando2 .在否认句
47、中,without之后假设有列举成分用and连接，构成完 全否认;而在肯定句中，without之后的列举成分要用or连接 才能构成完全否认，故句3的答案应是and , oro(2 ) either.or, neither.nor, not .nor 的用法可以连接两个的词either.or, neither.nor, not .nor 等连接主语时，谓语动词 也依据就近原那么。Either my father or my brothers are coming.不是我父亲就 是我兄弟要来。Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我者口没错。Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.不是教练就是运发动对这次失败负有责任。He does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish .他既不爱好骑马，也不 爰好射击、钓鱼。连接两个句子，当neither, nor放句首时，该句倒装。Either we go now or we remain here forever.要么我彳门现在 走，要么我们永远在这呆下去。Neither could theor