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1、连词(并列连词和从属连词)知识点讲义 高考英语语法总复习连词的分类连词用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子的词分类:1、并列连词按其作用分为表示转折、因果、选择和并列四大类2、从属名词可分为引导名词性从句的从属连词和引导状语从句的从属连词连词是虚词,在句中不能独立充当句子成分,只起连接作用。实例We went on and on.我们继续不停地走着。There are some white clouds in the sky, but they are small.天上飘着朵朵白云,但云朵不大。并列连词并列连词(1) 表示转折的并列连词常见的表示转折的并列连词
2、有while,but,yet,however,nevertheless,still等,用来连接两个意思不同甚至相反的词、短语或分句。I was born in Xi'an while I grew up in Changchun我出生在西安,然而在长春长大。He wants to go, but his sister wants to stay.他想走,但他妹妹想留下。The problem is difficult, however, many of us have solved it这道题目是难了些,但我们很多人都做出来了
3、。(2) 表示因果的并列连词常见的表示因果的并列连词有:so,for,hence,therefore.The boss called me just now, so I must go to the office at once.老板刚才打电话找我,因此我必须马上去办公室。I must be away for a week, for I'II fix the machine for a factory.我必须离开一周,因为要为某厂修机器。注意:副词then(那么,因而),thus(因此),therefore ( 因此所以 ) 等也可以放在句首表示
4、因果关系。He studied hard, then he got a full mark.他很用功,因而他得了满分。His car broke down, thus he was late for work.他的车坏了,因此他上班迟到了。He was busy, therefore he could not come.他很忙,因此他没有来。(3)表示选择的并列连词常见的表示选择的并列连词有:or, or else(否则)eitherorotherwise(要不然;否则)or 的用法a or 意为“或”表示一种选择Would you
5、like tea or coffee?你想喝茶还是咖啡?b or用在“祈使句+or +简单句”结构中,其中or在此意为“否则”Study hard, or you will fail.努力学习,否则你就会失败。c or用在否定句中代替and表示并列关系He can't read or write.他既不会读也不会写。You must be joking,or else you're mad.你一定是开玩笑,不然你就是疯了。You may wear either of the coats.你可以穿两件大衣中的任何一件。Either you or he has
6、to go.=Either he or you have to go不是你就是他得去。(就近原则)He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten他提醒了我,要不然我就会把这件事给忘了。(4) 表示并列关系的连词常见的表示并列关系的并列连词有:and, not onlybut alsoas well as, bothandneithernoreitheror它们用来连接两个并列或对称关系的词、短语或分句Kate and I are in the same class.凯特和我在同一个班。We
7、 should not only be cautious but also be brave.找们不仅应该谨慎而且应该勇敢。She is a writer as well as a teacher.她既是一个作家又是一位教师。Both you and she are right你和她都对。Neither you nor I am to blame.你和我都不应受责备。Come to see her either today or tomorrow
8、.今天或明天来看她吧。从属连词从属连词从属连词通常引导一个从句修饰主句一般可分为引导名词性从句(宾语从句或表语从句等)和引导状语从句的从属连词(1) 引导名词性从句的从属连词主要有that,if(是否),Whether(是否)等I don't know if he'II come today我不知道他是否会来。(引导宾语从句)The problem is that we haven't got enough money.问题是我们没有足够的钱。(引导表语从句)(2) 引导状语从句的从属连词有很多时间状语从句when,while,a
9、s,after,before, until,till , as soon asThey had left when I got there.当我到那里时他们已经离开了。地点状语从句where, whereverWhere there is a will, there is a way有志者,事竞成。原因状语从句because, since, as(因为)now thatI drove slowly because there was such heavy traffic.我开得很慢,因为车太多了。条件状语从句if ( 如果 )unless, o
10、nce(一旦)in caseWe'll go fishing if it doesn't rain tomorrow如果明天不下雨,我们就去钓鱼。目的状语从句in order that, so thatI got up early so that I could catch the first bus.我起得很早,为的是赶上第一趟车。让步状语从句although / though, even if / though, howeverThough Canada is large, the population is small。尽管加拿大面
11、积大,人口却很少。结果状语从句sothat,so that, suchthatHe was so tired that he fell asleep fast.他累得很快就睡着了。比较状语从句than, as / soasless / moreI'm older than you.我年龄比你大。方式状语从句as(按照)if / though(好像)You should do as l told you你应该按我说的做。不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词1、 Because(因为), so(所以)不能同时出现在一个句子里只能用其一。
12、Because he was tired, he couldn't walk there.=He was tired, so he couldn't walk there.因为他累了,所以他不能走到那儿了。2、 (al)though(虽然), but(但是)不能同时出现在一个句子里只能用其一但 though 和 yet 可以同时出现在一个句子里(yet用作副词)Though he was tired, he still worked hard.=He was tired, but he still worked hard.虽然他很累,但他仍然努力工作。until 的用法unti
13、l在肯定句中意为“直到为止”主句必须用延续性动词在否定句中意为“直到才;在以前还不”此时与 before 同义如:You must stay at home until I come back.你必须待在家里,直到我回来。We didn't know each other until / before we came to the same school.直到我们上了同一所学校,我们才相识。if 的不同用法if 的不同用法if 有两个意思当“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句意同whether当“假如,如果”讲时引导条件状语从句此时若主句为将来时或祈使句时,从句用一
14、般现在时。We don't know if it will rain tomorrow.我们不知道明天是否下雨。If it rains, we won't have a sports meeting.如果下雨,我们就不开运动会了。连词as的用法连词 as 的用法1、 as意为“在期间;当时候”I watched her as she combed her hair.当她梳头的时候,我看着她。2、 as意为“由于;因为”As you weren't there,I left a message.因为你没有在那儿,所以我留了张便条。3、 as意
15、为“即使;尽管;虽然”Young as he is, he can write 100 words.尽管他很小,但能写100个单词了。4、 as意为“为之事实”As I know, she is a clever girl.据我所知,她是个聪明的女孩。连词 and 的用法连词 and 的用法1、 表示联合,意为“和,又,而且”He and I are both students他和我都是学生。2、用于连接两个相同的比较级,表示“越来越”It moves faster and faster它动得越来越快。2、 用于连接两个相同的动词,表示动作的反复或连续He coughed and coughe
16、d他咳个不停。4、在口语中用于come,go,run,stay,stop,try等之后,表示目的(and 在此相当于不定式符号to)Come and have a look.来看一看。5、用于祈使句后,表示结果意为“那么”Work hard and you'll pass the examinations.努力吧,那么你会通过考试的。and 与 or 用于否定句中的区别1、 当举例成分是主语,又在否定词之前时,用and连接而当列举成分在否定词之后时,用or构成完全否定。Lucy and Lily can't speak Chinese.露西和莉莉都不会说中文。I can'
17、;t sing or dance.我不会唱歌,也不会跳舞。2、 在否定句中,如果所连接到两部分都有否定词,那么用 and 而不用 or。There is no water and no air on the moon. 月球上没有水,也没有空气。3、 在否定句中,without之后若有列举成分,则用and连接,构成完全否定而在肯定句中,without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定。Man can't live without air and water.=Man will die without air or water. 没有空气和水,人就不
18、能生存。because,for,since 与 as 的用法because,for,since 与 as 的用法表示“原因”的这几个连词,从语气上由强至弱依次为becausesinceasfor其中,because,since,as是从属连词,引导原因状语从句for是并列连词1、because表示直接原因,可用来回答why引导的问句,一般放在主句之后,也可以单独存在We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们待在家里了。 Why didn't you come to the party?你为什么没参加聚会? Because my mother w
19、as ill.因为我妈妈病了。2、since意为“因为;既然”,则侧重主句,从句表示显然的或已知的理由Since his computer doesn't work, let's try yours.因为他的电脑坏了,让我们试试你的吧。Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都到了,我们开会吧。3、as意为“ 由于 ”主从并重,从句说明原因,主句说明结果。as和since均表示附带说明双方共知的原因和结果As it is cold outside, we'll put on our overcoat
20、s.因为外面冷,所以我们要穿外套。As it was late,I made haste to go.由于晚了,我得赶紧走了。4、for意为“因为;由于”表明附加或推断的理由,引导的分句前常又逗号,for分句不放句首He must be ill, for he is absent today.他一定病了,因为他今天缺席了。It rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨夜下雨了,因为地面潮湿。when,while 与 as 的用法when,while 与 as 的用法1、when可以表示时间上的一点或一段时间(1)表示主句动作与从句动作同时发生When
21、 it is snowing, the buses are very crowded.下雪时,公共汽车非常拥挤。(2)表示主句动作发生在从句动怍进行期间When Tom pressed the stop button, the recorder stopped当汤姆按停止键时,录音机就停了。2、while通常表示一段时间,意为“正当时”用于同时进行的两个延续性动作相伴随而发生,常对同类的两个动作进行对比Please write while I read.我念的时候,请写下来。While l was writing a letter, the teacher came into the room
22、.正当我写信时,老师进屋了。3、as表示“当时”相当于as the same time (1)不指先后,而指同时发生,常用来指短暂动作或事件同时发生As I looked, someone came near.正当我看时,有人走上前来。(2) as还可以说明两种正在发展或变化的情况As I get older,I get much happier.我越活越乐观。注意as,when 和 while 均可引导持续时间较长的动作As / When / While l was walking down the street.I noticed a police car in front of Gate 17.我沿着马路往前走,发现17号门前停着一辆警车。