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1、Critical ReasoningPeter PanA000002股票在明天还会上涨到今天为止，A000002股票出现三天连续上涨该股票出现三天连涨后，第四天也会上涨PremiseConclusion Assumption AssumptionPremiseConclusionCritical ReasoningArgument Structure Critical ReasoningArgument Structure Argument Structure A000002股票在明天还会上涨到今天为止，A000002股票出现三天连续上涨根据数据统计，该股票出现三天连涨后，第四天有80%的情况
2、都是上涨。这段时间该股票的运行情况和以前第四天出现上涨的情况相似中国股市从来没有规律Critical ReasoningArgument Structure Argument Structure Studying regularly is one factor that has been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT.Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500.If she studies several times a weak,Melissa can expect to improve her s
3、core.Melissa can expect to improve her score.Studying regularly is one factor that has been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT.Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500.Studying several times a weak qualifies as studying regularly AssumptionPremiseConclusionCritical ReasoningFind the PremiseF
4、ind the Premisestated pieces of information or evidence that generally provide support for the given conclusioncould be Facts,opinions,claimsshowing backgroundtelling a story Several industries have recently switched at least partly from older technologies powered by fossil fuels to new technologies
5、 powered by electricity.It is thus evident that less fossil fuel is being used as a result of the operations of these industries than would have been used if these industries had retained their older technologies.Critical ReasoningCommon Signal WordPremiseConclusion AssumptionTherefore,As a result,S
6、uggests,Indicates,Accordingly,So,Consequently,Thus,Hence,It follows thatSinceDue toAs a result ofBecauseGiven thatAsManager:the new manufacturing process should save us time in the end,even though the first step of the five-step process will take twice as long asit does under the old process.Far few
7、er of the components will be founddefective and the sole purpose of steps two and three under the old processis to weed out defective components.As a result,we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the existing manufacturing process.Which of the following would be most useful in evalu
8、ating the claim made inthe argument?Therefore Test(1)X,therefore Y.If this works,Y is the conclusion.(2)Y,therefore X.If this works,X is the conclusion.Critical ReasoningFind the ConclusionX:The new process should save us time.Y:we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the process.Cri
9、tical ReasoningDraw the Conclusion紧跟前提条件紧跟前提条件紧跟前提条件紧跟前提条件Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a countrys currency over time.However,many economists no longer recommend this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to be more competitive in the i
10、nternational market,encouraging domestic industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign investment.The statements above most strongly support which of the following inferences?(A)Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the national deficit.(B)Curbing government spen
11、ding can make a countrys exports less competitive.(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spending.(D)An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced government spending.(E)Competitive exports indicate a-weak currency.Critical ReasoningDraw the ConclusionCurbing go
12、vernment spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a countrys currency over time.However,many economists no longer recommend this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to be more competitive in the international market,encouraging domestic industries and making the e
13、conomy more attractive to foreign investment.The statements above most strongly support which of the following inferences?(A)Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the national deficit.(B)Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports less competitive.(C)Many economists
14、 now recommend higher levels of government spending.(D)An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced government spending.(E)Competitive exports indicate a weak currency.F）Government investment can make a countrys exports less competitive.超超出出前提讨论范围前提讨论范围超出前提讨论范围超出前提讨论范围偷换概念偷换概念因果倒置因果
15、倒置因果倒置因果倒置 Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream-cholesterol levels by increasing the body capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol.Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular
16、 exercise and weight reduction.Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?A.Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream.B.Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high l
17、evel of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.C.Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans.D.A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of some individuals.E.Only regular
18、 exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals of average weight.Critical ReasoningDraw the ConclusionThe average fuel efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide during the period 2000-2004 was 25 miles per gallon;the corresponding figure during the period 1995-1
19、999 was 20 miles per gallon.The national average price of gasoline during the period 2000-2004 was$2 per gallon;the corresponding figure during the period 1995-1999 was$1.60 per gallon.The statements above,if true,best support which of the following conclusions?(A)The average fuel efficiency of vehi
20、cles sold nationwide should reach 30 miles per gallon for the period 2005-2009.(B)The national average price of gasoline during 1997 was lower than the corresponding price during 2003.(C)Rising gasoline prices lead consumers to purchase more fuel-efficient cars.(D)Between the two described time peri
21、ods,the national average fuel efficiency and the national average gasoline price both increased at roughly the same rate.(E)Consumers spent more money on gasoline during the period 2060-2004 than during the period 1995-1999.Critical ReasoningDraw the ConclusionLogic fallaciesCritical ReasoningDraw t
22、he ConclusionIn certain congested urban areas,commuters who use public transportationoptions,such as trains and subways,spend approximately 25 percent lesstime in transit,on average,to reach their destinations than commuters whotravel by car.Even individuals who drive their entire commute in carpool
23、lanes,which are typically the least congested sections of roadways,stillspend more time,on average,than commuters who use trains and subways.The statements above,if true,best support which of the following assertions about commuting in the congested urban areas mentioned above?(A)Waiting in traffic
24、accounts for approximately 25 percent of the commuting time for individuals who drive to their destinations.(8)Walking between a subway or train station and ones final destination does not,on average,take longer than walking between ones car and ones final destination.(C)Using carpool lanes does not
25、,on average,reduce driving time by morethan 25 percent.(D)Individuals who commute via public buses spend approximately 25 percent more time in transit than those who commute using public trains or subways.(E)Subways and trains are available in the majority of congested urban areas.Critical Reasoning
26、Draw the ConclusionCritical ReasoningFind the Assumption(A)Viewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal interest stories.(B)The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with the interests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.(C)Some Wor
27、ld News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming better than they liked the World News programming.(D)There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers of Nighttime News,including a recent ad campaign that aired on many local affiliates.(E)The quality of World News wil
28、l remain constant even if Nighttime News improves.For several years,Nighttime News attracted fewer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime News.Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added personal interest stories andincreased coverage of sports and weather
29、.The two programs now have aroughly equal number of viewers.Clearly,the recent programming changespersuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.Which of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?(1)bridge a gap between any premise and the conclusion,and(2)support/stre
30、ngthen/validate the conclusion.Critical ReasoningFind the AssumptionPremiseConclusion AssumptionThe local university recently hired a new soccer coach.Although she has several years worth of coaching experience and is a diligent student of the game,she was never a member of a collegiate soccer team.
31、For this reason,the new coach will be unable to build a successful program.The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?(A)The local university should have hired a former collegiate soccer player as its new coach.(B)Coaching experience is one of the most crucial factors for coac
32、hing success.(C)The previous coach at the university was dismissed due to her lack of success(D)To build a successful soccer program as a coach,one must be a former collegiate soccer player.(E)The university does not plan to provide the new coach with the resources necessary to build a successful pr
33、ogram.Critical ReasoningFind the Assumption紧跟紧跟结论，不能转移话题重心结论，不能转移话题重心紧跟结论紧跟结论Whennewsperiodicalsbeginforecastingarecession,peopletendtospendlessmoneyondiscretionarypurchases.Therefore,theperceivedthreatofrecessiondecreasesthewillingnessofpeopletopurchaseproductsthattheyregardasoptionalorluxurygoods.
34、Theargumentaboveassumesthat_(A)therearemoreluxurygoodsavailableafterarecessionisforecast(B)recently,thethreatofrecessionhasbeenincreasinglypublicizedasnewsperiodicalshavegrownmorepervasive(C)mostpeopledonotregularlyreadnewsperiodicals(D)peoplesperceptionofthethreatofrecessionincreaseswhennewsperiodi
35、calsbeginforecastingarecession(E)thepeoplewhospentthemostmoneybeforearecessionwasforecastwereamongthosewhocurtailedtheirspendingaftertherecessionbecameapparentCritical ReasoningFind the AssumptionCritical ReasoningFind the Assumption紧跟结论紧跟结论PremiseConclusion AssumptionNews periodicals publish the fo
36、recast of a recessionPeople spend less money on discretionary itemsTherefore,the perceived threat causes people to spend less moneyAs a result,peoples perception of the threat of a recession increases As a result,peoples perception of the threat of a recession does not increases Negating any correct
37、 assumption will destroy the argument Critical ReasoningFind the Assumption紧跟结论紧跟结论Sam is currently the deputy mayor of Geneva County.Therefore,Sam should be the next mayor of Geneva when the current mayor retiresWhich of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?Imagine two possible
38、 answer choices:(A)Sam is the most honest person in the whole county.(B)The deputy mayor is always the best person to become the next mayor when a current mayor retires.Sam is NOT NECESSARILY the most honest person in the whole county.The deputy mayor is NOT NECESSARILY the best person to become the
39、 next mayor when a current mayor retires.Always.only.all:insert Not necessarily.or Some.not in place of All.(B)Tomatoes are always red.LEN:Tomatoes are NOT NECESSARILY always red.Never.none,not one.not once:change to At least one or at least once.(D)Not one player was late for practice.LEN:AT LEAST
40、ONE player was late for practice.Some,a few,several:change to No or None.(Notice that this may sound extreme)(A)Some cats purr when you pet them.LEN:NO cats purr when you pet them.Sometimes,on Occasion,often:change to Never.(Notice that this may sound extreme)(A)Cats sometimes purr when you pet them
41、.LEN:Cats NEVER purr when you pet them.At least,at most.more than,less than:change to the mathematically opposite term.(C)She has at least three different job offers.LEN:She has LESS THAN THREE different job offers.Critical ReasoningFind the AssumptionCritical ReasoningFind the Assumption紧跟结论紧跟结论For
42、 several years,Nighttime News attracted fewer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime News Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added personal interest stories andincreased coverage of sports and weather.The two programs now have aroughly equal number of v
43、iewers.Clearly,the recent programming changespersuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.Which of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?(A)Viewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal interest stories.(B)The programming content of Nighttime
44、 News is more closely aligned with the interests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.(C)Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming better than they liked the World News programming.(0)There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers
45、 of Nighttime News,including a recent ad campaign that aired on many local affiliates.(E)The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News improves.Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can
46、 eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusionCritical ReasoningFind the AssumptionCategories of AssumptionSidneys get-rich-quick scheme is sure to succeed.He will buy undervalued properties in foreclosure.Then he will resell the properties to a local real estate developer and generate large
47、 profits.Undervalued properties exist in foreclosure and easily can be found and purchased by Sidney.Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusionAssumptions c
48、an eliminate alternate causes for a given conclusion.Critical ReasoningFind the AssumptionCategories of AssumptionA magazine published an article proclaiming that one can get a promotion by playing golf with ones boss.Kevin concludes that the best way for him to get promoted is to take golf lessons
49、and join his bosss country club.There are no other better ways to gain a promotion than to play golf with ones boss.Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusi
50、onAssumptions can eliminate alternate causes for a given conclusion.Critical ReasoningFind the AssumptionCategories of AssumptionScientists have discovered that people with Elmers disease have elevatedlevels of elastomer in their blood.The scientists concluded that a person without Elmers disease bu